Did Slavery Destroy the Black Family - 1591 Words

In this debate, the discussion will surround whether or not slavery destroyed the Black family. A family is a social unit living together and people descended from a common ancestor. The debate focuses on Wilma A. Dunaway who posits that slavery did destroy the Black family, and her opponent, Eugene D. Genovese, who says that slavery did not destroy the Black family. By analyzing Dunway, Genovese, and a host of other writers I have gather my own ideas for one side to agree with. As above stated, it is Dunaways contention that slavery destroyed the Black family. She identifies that that there is a great deal of evidence to substantiate that slave family stability varied with the size of the slaveholding. It is also inferred that family†¦show more content†¦It is elicited by Sudarkasa, in Martin Martin that when one focuses on extended families among the enslaved Blacks, it is evident that these kin networks posses many features of the African extended families. The African American families were built around what Sudarkasa identifies as consanguine kin. These are family members whose spouses were incorporated into the extended family networks in different degrees. Sudarkasa goes on to state that the significance of the consanguine principle in the black American extended family is indicated by Gutman’s contention that the pull between ties to an immediate family and to an enlarged kin network sometimes strained husbands and wives. In conjunction, the literature on black families during slavery provides a wealth of data on the way in which consanguine kin assisted each other with child rearing, in life crisis events such as birth and death, in work groups, in efforts to obtain freedom, and so on. Relationships within these groups were governed by principles and values stemming from their African background. Respect for elders and mutual cooperation among kinsmen are noted in all discussions of black families during slavery. Also, the willingness to assume responsibility for relatives and children beyond the conjugal family andShow MoreRelatedJohn Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry1303 Words   |  6 PagesHIST 128 Essay 3 John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown’s beliefs about slavery and activities to destroy it hardly represented the mainstream of northern society in the years leading up to the Civil War. This rather unique man, however, has become central to an understanding and in some cases misunderstandings about the origins of the Civil War. The importance of Brown’s mission against slavery was colossal to accelerating the civil war between the North and the South. His raid onRead MoreAfrican Americans From The United States1727 Words   |  7 PagesWhen African Americans involuntarily arrived in the United Sates, they were sold as slaves, deprived of their heritage, and were separated from their families. The dehumanization of slavery over four hundred years, strategically kept the African American at the bottom of both the social and economic realm. The historical ramifications over this period in United States history would prove to be detrimental to the institution of education in the United States for African Americans and would createRead MoreSlavery As An Evil Institution1366 Words   |  6 Pages Even though the slavery was introduced in the early 1600s, it had no doubt that the abolitionist inaugurated the movements about the slavery actively from early 1850s. The slavery became the essential part of industry in the South more than in the North because of the large plantations and slave trades. So in the Southerners’ perspective, the slave flourished the businesses with their inexpensive labor forces in order to profit; they argued slaves were by and large a culturally inferior, child-likeRead MoreThe Childhood Of Fatherless Homes1196 Words   |  5 Pagesand the present of this topic. Slavery How far back through out American History can we trace this epidemic? We can trace this epidemic all the way back to slavery. In 2015 we are still dealing with the remnants of trauma of slavery. Upon arrival into America many traditions, and family bonds were broken. Slaves lived with the constant fear of separation. â€Å"Enslaved people lived with the perpetual possibility of separation through the sale of one or more family members. Slave-owners’ wealth layRead MoreResistance Of A Slave Master s Successful Dominion : Abscondment And Suicide970 Words   |  4 Pagesresistance held the greatest potential to destroy a slave master’s successful dominion: abscondment and suicide. Slavery, from the idea behind it to the way it was enforced, was a cruel institution that allowed the degradation of black existence to that of a mere object beneath a master’s control. Despite the dynamic conditions of servitude faced by slaves throughout American history, one thing remains true; brutality underlied the institution of slavery. Brenda Stevenson reveals the daily strugglesRead MoreArnt I a Woman by Deborah White Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesat a Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. In Deborah Grays White, Ar’n’t I a woman her aim was to enrich the knowledge of antebellum black women and culture to show an unwritten side of history of the American black woman. Being an African- American and being a woman, these are the two principle struggles thrown at the black woman during and after slavery in the United States. Efforts were made by White scholars in 1985 to have a focus on the female slave experience. Deborah Gray White explainsRead More The Affect Slavery Has On Family Life Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery: The Affect It Has On Family Life The Effects Of It The lives of Harriet Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave includes diverse experiences that allow them to share common factors to relate to each others stories. Jacobs and Douglass were born during the slavery period in the â€Å"less harsh† regions of North Carolina and Maryland. Looking at and comparing their childhood, Jacobs and DouglassRead MoreThe Eyes Of An American Slave1599 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence destroyed both the slave and the slaveholder. Frederick Douglass, born a slave, was exposed to inhumane violence as he witnessed the treatments of his family members and other slaves on the planation compared to whites. Douglass recognized that slavery was common during the time, but the lack of rights the slaves were granted did not justify. In The Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, violence is remembered in American literary history as an awfu l time period where whiteRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Was Not A Friend Of Africans1343 Words   |  6 Pagesnot free the slaves. It is true that Lincoln thought slavery is a bad institution however, it is also true that he believes that blacks could not be assimilated with whites. The truth is the Great Emancipator was never interested in putting an end to slavery. Is Lincoln a friend of Africans? The answer is no. First, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves it protected the union. Second, Lincoln’s suggestion of colonizing blacks by deporting them from the Unites States was anotherRead MoreThe Rights Of The Slave Owner s Children1702 Words   |  7 PagesDuring slavery, fathers were separated from mothers and when they worked in the fields they were not allowed to communicate or show each other affection. Children were also separated from their parents; moreover mothers often had to take care of the slave owner’s children. Fathers were used to not taking care of their children and did not have any obligations towards their women. Consequently, father’s emotional lives were disturbed and they were unable to return to the way their lives were before

Oppression of Marriage Chopins The Story of an Hour and...

In both of Chopin’s short stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"Desiree’s baby†, Chopin highlights the oppressive nature of marriage. Both short stories illustrate a tale of heartache, regret, and the dangers of instant gratification. Without equality within the bonds that tie us together, death is often the result. Each of the character’s experience true renowned joy and just as quickly lose that joy. This joy is similar to a drug addiction and drug withdrawal. During their moments of joy they are enthralled with this new feeling and new meaning of life. And just as quickly as their hopes were raised, the hope that love could be true, they were cast back down into a pit of despair. In the case of The Story of an Hour with Mrs. Mallard,†¦show more content†¦The trees will see yet another winter and die without the joy of spring. In the case of Desiree’s Baby, there is heartache among three separate but connecting parties. Author Kate Chopin purposely leaves out past and future information for the reader to interpret what has happened and what will happen after the last word is written. The first being Madame Valmonde, the mother, the wife, and the narrator. Madame Valmonde views Desiree as a blessing from God because she could not have any children of her own. She believes, â€Å"Desiree had been sent to her by a beneficent Providence to be a child of her affection†. She believes Desiree to have been sent there because they were good people and had the resources to raise and love a child as if she was her own. Madame Valmonde had nothing but love and adoration for Desiree. The second party is Desiree, the child, the beauty aspect, and the blissful ignorant. Desiree brings joy to Armand by filling his life with love and marriage. She consumes him with love and they are to be married as soon as possible. The life of the baby brings joy into both of their hearts but more importantly, Armand’s heart. His hand is stayed and his demeanor has become joyful. Desiree is ignorant to see anything other than a child of her creation within the newborn baby. She is so filled with love that she emanates love to those who are emotionally attached to her. I believe this is why Armand does notShow MoreRelatedKate Chopin, An American Writer1425 Words   |  6 Pagesworks usually set in Louisiana, which contributed too much of her description of women’s roles. During Chopin’s time, Louisiana was in the midst of reconstruction and was having racial and economic issues. (Skaggs 4) Louisiana is the setting for many of Chopin’s stories, and they depict a realistic picture of Louisiana society. Kate Chopin published two novels and many short stories. Most of Chopin’s work challenged whether or not women should continue to follow the traditions of their time. SkaggsRead MoreResearch Paper on Kate Chopin and the Feminism in Her Works2066 Words   |  9 PagesLicano 1 Maria Licano Mrs. Hummel Ap English 08 27 April 2012 Kate Chopin: Feminism in Her Works â€Å"Love and passion, marriage and independence, freedom and restraint.† These are the themes that are represented and worked with throughout Kate Chopin’s works. Kate Chopin, who was born on February 8, 1851, in St. Louis, was an American acclaimed writer of short stories and novels. She was also a poet, essayist, and a memoirist. Chopin grew up around many women; intellectual women that is. ChopinRead MoreDesiree s Baby By Kate Chopin1770 Words   |  8 PagesBack in this era of time the most respectable job for a woman was to be a loving wife in her husband’s household. In the short story â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† written by Kate Chopin, we have this setting of this older woman named Madame Valmondà © is on her way to visit her adopted daughter Desiree who has recently given birth to her son by her husband Armand Aubigny. Everything seems to be going well at the plantation due to master of the house being so thrilled about having his son being born. As timeRead MoreWomen s Search For Selfhood2169 Words   |  9 PagesWomen’s search for selfhood, for self-discovery or identity are themes that are represented in Kate Chopin’s work. Chopin was on the same regular path as other women in her era. She got married at the age of twenty and had six children. When her husband passed away Chopin wanted to support herself so she decided to start writing which was also an outlet for her feelings. During the nineteenth century women were getting sick of the rules that were forced on them and Chopin expressed her feeling towards

Path of Democracy Throughout the French Revolution Free Essays

â€Å"The French Revolution was a decisive period in the shaping of the modern west. It implemented the thought of the philosophies, destroyed the hierarchical and corporate society of the Old Regime, which was a legacy of the Middle Ages, promoted the interests of the bourgeoisie, and quickened the growth of the modern state† ( Perry. Chase. We will write a custom essay sample on Path of Democracy Throughout the French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jacob. Jacob. Von Laue, p. 462). The aristocracy of France was also weakened by the Revolution. The nobles no longer had their ancient rights and privileges making them ordinary people. In the nineteenth century, the ruling class was no longer decided upon by noble birth but by property. This trait was shown before the Revolution. Also the French government was now ran by the aristocrats and the bourgeois. With the bourgeois being given high positions because of their wealth, talent, ambition, and opportunities, they would have an important role in the political life of France. The French Revolution changed the Old Regime, based on a dynastic state, into the modern state it is today. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen concluded that the state was no longer a separation of provinces or estates; it was also no longer a possession of the monarch’s that he believed belonged only to him. The idea of the Declaration showed that the state now belonged to the people as a whole and its power must come from the people to succeed. The people now had the characteristic of individuality of no longer being separated into nobles and commoners. Many surrounding lands took the ideas and reforms of the French Revolution as inspiration to create their own revolution over their land. â€Å"During the nineteenth century, the French Revolution served as a frame of reference for the various political constellations: liberalism, socialism, and conservatism† ( Perry. Chase. Jacob. Jacob. Von Laue, p. 462). Before the Revolution, the state was still closely linked to its religion. Each state had a state church that was the ruling power. â€Å"By disavowing any divine justification for the monarch’s power, by depriving the church of its special position, and by no longer limiting citizenship to members of a state church, the Revolution accelerated the secularization of European political life† (Perry. Chase. Jacob. Jacob. Von Laue, p. 463). The Revolution did away with administrative ways of the Old Regime, and imposed rational ways to the state. Highest ranks of land and position were given to men by their talent and no longer by their birth line. The Revolution also did away with peasantry working obligations, and based taxes on the people’s income. By showing that an ancient order could be overpowered by a new one, The French Revolution inspired other generations to revolt against their abusive model societies. This created three forces with the modern state: total war, nationalism, and a fanatic utopian mentality. These ideas went against the ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and could be destructive to what the French Revolution was creating. The French Revolution also gave birth to the modern nationalism† ( Perry. Chase. Jacob. Jacob. Von Laue, p. 463). During the Revolution, the entire nation was directed loyalty. This view was seen as dangerous by many philosophers because it was feared that it would setback the progress of the Revolution. The Revolution looked to reconstruct society on the ba sis of Enlightenment ideals. These ideas were soon crushed by the terrors and fears of the dangerous forces that had begun to rise in the later years of the Revolution. These forces almost succeeded in ruining what the French reformers had created. How to cite Path of Democracy Throughout the French Revolution, Essay examples

Knowledge Management Capabilities †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Management Capabilities. Answer: Introduction A continuous improvement plan is an essential requirement for any organization that is aimed at ensuring that growth in an organization is enhanced. Latino Engineering management needs to ensure that there is a continuous improvement in place that makes sure that the company gets back to its feet. However, there are factors which must be considered when drafting a continuous improvement plan. First, there is a need to note that processes in an organization are affected by the operations and the management of the organization. Therefore, if an organization has no idea about the factors affecting its processes, it would not be in the best position to draft an effective continuous improvement plan. It is vital to identify the fields or departments where the organization is facing challenges with the intention of first dealing with the challenges before looking at the ways to improve the efficiency of the organization's processes. The paper will first look at how the company got into the current situation and then draft a plan that will make sure that the company retains its previous glory and also improves its processes and operations. There are three major goals that the company is aimed at reaching. The first goal is to identify the causes of the declined quality of services and goods. The second goal is to identify the most effective methods of eliminating the major causes of the problem (Rothwell 2015). The third and essential goal is to identify the best strategy to ensure that there is a continuous plan which will help the organization to maintain the high quality of products and services. The three goals play a pivotal role in ensuring that growth and success are sustained in the company (De Oliveira 2013, p. 130). With the absence of one goal, the company will not be able to retain its lost glory. There is a need to note that the three goals will be achieved only through laid down strategies and structures (McFadden et al. 2014, p. 42). At the same time, it is essential to realize that contribution from the stakeholders as well as the allocation of resources will come in handy. How to identify root causes using appropriate tools and techniques Latino Engineering Company had operated for thirty years before it started facing challenges. For the thirty years that the company was in business, it was apparent that its service delivery was of a higher quality than it is right now. With that in mind, it is evident that there are factors which have been working against the success of the organization. Therefore, it is essential to identify the causes of the challenges (Fleischmann et al. 2015, p. 90). The best way to identify the causes of the problem is to look at the areas which are more affected. After doing so, it is essential to look into the changes that have been made in the specific departments by the new administration (Gfu et al. 2014, p 64). The reason for doing so is because a change in any given organization can affect the company positively or negatively. However, the management of the organization will also be looked into to make sure that the results are diverse and can point out to the possible causes of the chal lenges. By looking at the challenges which the case study has focused on, there are three possible causes of the problem. The first problem is related to the presence of a new management (Chambers et al. 2013, p. 117). From this perspective, there is a significant question that should be asked; might it be that the new management does not motivate the employees enough to encourage them to be effective? To answer the question, research on the relationship between the management and the employees and employees motivation will have to be conducted (Colledani et al. 2014, p. 780). The second possible cause is associated with the presence of new employees. The important question from this perspective is; should it be that the new employees do not possess the relevant knowledge and skills to be competitive enough to continue processing and designing products that are of high quality? In business, the removal of one employee and addition of another might bring a positive or an adverse change. To an swer this question, employee evaluation, as well as performance appraisal, will come in handy. The third possible cause is associated with the attitude of the employees. The attitude of an employee in an organization affects his or her performance in different ways. A positive attitude leads to increased morale which results in improved efficiency and effectiveness (Kilger et al. 2015, p. 270). A negative attitude leads to decreased morale which results in delayed processes and increased errors in operations. The best way to answer this question will be looking into different areas. The first area will be the trend in employee's performance. The second will be the working environment, and the third will be the availability of resources. A plan to identify and eliminate or reduce root causes The main aim of identifying the causes is to identify the strategies which can be effective in each cause of the problems (Faizan et al. 2014, p. 670). However, the strategies under this section will not only look at the problems; they will look at the problems and the solution to the entire problem that is facing the company. The following are the strategies which will be used in dealing with the problem; Employees cannot be effective if there is a barrier between them and the management. In the modern day management of organizations, there is a need to ensure that employees are valued by the management of the organization they work for (Calvo-Mora 2015, p. 1650). Research shows that a good relationship leads to employees giving more than required as a way of demonstrating their satisfaction with the organization. For example, when it comes to the design team in Latino Engineering, it is apparent that there are designs drafted by the management. If there is no close relationship with the employees, they are likely to only implement the strategies of the organization without speaking out even if it is evident that the implementation will have an adverse effect on the company (May et al. 2013, p. 100). However, if the management demonstrates a high level of respect to the employees, it is apparent that they would advise the organization when it tries to implement a strategy that might a ffect its success. The company introduced new employees to the workforce. Therefore, it is apparent that some did not have all it takes to continue the successful trend of the company. It is then vital to ensure that the skills of the new employees are in line with the needs of the company (Rosemann and Vom Brocke 2015, p. 110). Such will be done by evaluating the employees, doing away with employees who do not meet the threshold and only hiring those who possess skills which are in line with the demand of the company. Ensure that the retained employees have what it takes to be competent Performance appraisals and working trends are the two important strategies which will help in dealing with employees who have been working for the organization (Fitzgerald and Stol 2014, p. 7). Employees who will demonstrate that they have all resources they need to be effective, have been performing well in the past and are currently not performing well will be given a chance to retrieve themselves or leave the company. The working environment might also be one of the reasons why the company is performing poorly. The company will make sure that it provides the employees with all resources they need to be effective. At the same time, the new management will ensure that employees are motivated for them to be effective in their operations. According to the case study, Latino Engineering was doing well for the last thirty years. Therefore, it is apparent that maybe the strategies of the new management are not effective (Nadeem et al. 2013, p. 390). To eliminate the problem, there is a need for the organization to look at the current strategies which have proven not to be effective and substitute them with the strategies utilized by the previous management. The employees who have been working for the organizations have been involved in the process of success. Therefore, it is apparent they know about how to ensure that processes and operations in the organization lead to success (Colledani et al. 2014, p. 780). It is only wise to ensure that such employees are engaged in the decision-making processes for them to be of contribution to the elimination of the problems facing the company. Before the entrance of the new management, there was a close relationship between the company and its customers. The reason for the relations was because of the established trust between the company and the customers (Brown et al. 2013, p. 880). The trust came as a result of quality services and the interest of the company to prioritize the needs of the customers. For the relationship to be rebuilt, a communication must be made to the customers. The customers need to be assured that the company is looking into ways of fixing the problem once of for all. By so doing, the customers will feel appreciated and as part and parcel of the organization, and that will enable them to give the company a second chance rather than seeking the services of the competing companies. For the plan to be effective, the company will need to allocate different resources. By looking at the strategies, it is apparent that the improvement of the organization will come with additional costs. For the company to get back to where it was below, it must bring in a fresh workforce. A workforce attracts costs in two categories; skills costs and extra resources costs. Skills cost is the amount of money that the company will have to part with just to bring in professionals who will make sure that the company has skilled labor. The company will also need to bring in an independent body which should evaluate the employees with the intention of eliminating biases; selecting a panel from the organization might lead to the panel being biased (Savino and Mazza 2014, p. 180). Labor is an essential resource for the success of an organization. As far as the aspect of labor is concerned, the company will come up with a motivation program, and that will attract another cost from the compan y. The cost of resources is associated with the money the company must allocate only to purchase high-quality materials as well as machinery. To enhance production and to ensure that the working environment is suitable for the production team, the company will have to purchase the required materials as well as the machinery. A plan to ensure that the problems and issues are not repeated Putting a plan in place comes with measures which will help in ensuring that the plan is effective. The measures are part of the plan because they help to direct the employees and all stakeholders on what should be done and not done to ensure that improvement is inevitable. Having a continuous improvement plan without measures is not different from having an organization without policy; it is ungovernable. A continuous improvement plan is not less powerful than a strategy whose aim is to facilitate the promotion of the organizations processes from a level of stagnation to a level of excellence and success. Therefore, the plan ought to be taken seriously by every stakeholder who is interested in walking down the same lane with the company. It is for this reason that there must be set guidelines which emphasize the need for every stakeholder to be a participator in the implementation of the strategies highlighted in the plan (Calvo-Mora et al. 2015, p. 1640). The plan has developed a requirement list for every significant stakeholder in the company. The list is supposed to reaffirm the stakeholders that it is committed to achieving great results but only by their engagement and involvement in implementing the strategies. With that in mind, it is clear that the organization expects every internal stakeholder to take part in ensuring that the current challenges facing the organizations are issues of the past and never again should they be on the list of the challenges facing the company in future. An organization that is aimed at reaching greatness and dominating in the business world must not condone input by the employees which might be motivated by lack of concern and which might lead to the downfall of the company. The reason why there are policies in organizations is that not every employee is ready to fold his or her sleeves for the sake of ensuring that the company is a success. There are three possible consequences which will befall the employees who chose not to live by the continuous improvement plan; not because they have limited capabilities but because they are not willing to be part and parcel of the team which will facilitate in ushering in the new dawn of Latino Engineering (Baumgartner 2014, p.270). It is fundamental to realize that the company has a reputation at stake and failure to reinvent itself it will be knocked out of the market once and for all. With that in mind, it will be unwise for the company to condone employees who are of no significance to the growth and development of the company (Kronick et al. 2015, S400). The three consequences will be lay-off, suspension, and demotion. However, the company is not willing to walk down the lane of letting go some of its employees, but, if they demonstrate that they are of no use to the Continuous Improvement Plan implementation process, there will be no other choice but to let them go and let in those who have a bigger dream for the organization. Evaluation and monitoring When an entity drafts a continuous improvement plan, it is important to have an evaluation plan. An evaluation plan helps the company to know if the strategies drafted are effective and if they are addressing the problems the way they ought to. When it comes to evaluation, there are two major ingredients, and they are strategies and goals (Tyagi 2015, P. 210). The strategies must be an effective roadmap of reaching the goals. Therefore, if by any way they depict that they do not produce positive results, it is only proper for them to be scrapped, substituted or revised. The evaluations will be done based on a specific strategy against its intended goal. For example, the main aim of bringing back the strategies used earlier is to see if the organization will start achieving positive results (Aziz Hafex 2013, p. 670). Therefore, if the implementation of the strategies will prove to work, then it will be apparent that the desired goals will be accomplished. However, if the strategies p rove that there are no positive results, it will be clear that they are not effective in helping the organization to reach the desired goals. After every one week, each strategy will be monitored with the aim of identifying if there are positive results. The best way to prove if the organization is headed in the right direction will be by only looking at the strategy implemented and the far it has gone in helping the company to attain its goals. Conclusion Latino Engineering is not a failing organization; it is just an organization that has lost track of its success path. However, that can be taken care of by just implementing the continuous improvement plan. The plan has focused on all aspects essential for the continuous growth of the company. An effective continuous improvement plan does not only look at the ways that an organization will improve, but it also looks at how the organization will get there. An organization cannot reach its goals without rules, stakeholders, and resources. With that in mind, it is apparent if Latino Engineering can implement the continuous improvement plan, it will not only regain its top position in the market, but it will reach greater heights than ever before. References Alamri, A.M., Alharthi, A.M., Alharthi, D.K., Saleh, W. and Alhabashi, S.H.H., 2014. Organization Performance Improvement using TQM.International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887),108(9). Aziz, R.F., and Hafez, S.M., 2013. Applying lean thinking in construction and performance improvement. Alexandria Engineering Journal,52(4), pp.679-695. Baumgartner, R.J., 2014. Managing corporate sustainability and CSR: A conceptual framework combining values, strategies, and instruments contributing to sustainable development. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(5), pp.258-271. Brown, A.W., Ambler, S. and Royce, W., 2013, May. Agility at scale: economic governance, measured improvement, and disciplined delivery. InProceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 873-881). IEEE Press. Calvo-Mora, A., Navarro-Garca, A., and Periaez-Cristobal, R., 2015. Project to improve knowledge management and key business results through the EFQM excellence model. International Journal of Project Management,33(8), pp.1638-1651. Colledani, M., Tolio, T., Fischer, A., Iung, B., Lanza, G., Schmitt, R. and Vncza, J., 2014. Design and management of manufacturing systems for production quality.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,63(2), pp.773-796. Chambers, D.A., Glasgow, R.E. and Stange, K.C., 2013. The dynamic sustainability framework: addressing the paradox of sustainment amid ongoing change.Implementation Science,8(1), p.117. De Oliveira, O.J., 2013. Guidelines for the integration of certifiable management systems in industrial companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,57, pp.124-133. Faizan, M., Ulhaq, S. and Khan, M.N., 2014. A., Defect Prevention and Process Improvement Methodology for Outsourced Software Projects.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,19(5), pp.674-682. Fitzgerald, B. and Stol, K.J., 2014, June. Continuous software engineering and beyond: trends and challenges. InProceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Rapid Continuous Software Engineering(pp. 1-9). ACM. Fleischmann, B., Meyr, H. and Wagner, M., 2015. Advanced planning. InSupply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 71-95). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gfu, D., Teodorescu, M., and Ionescu, D., 2014. Design of a stable system by lean manufacturing. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences,17(2), pp.61-69. Kilger, C., Reuter, B. and Stadtler, H., 2015. Collaborative planning. InSupply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 257-277). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kronick, S.L., Kurz, M.C., Lin, S., Edelson, D.P., Berg, R.A., Billi, J.E., Cabanas, J.G., Cone, D.C., Diercks, D.B., Foster, J.J. and Meeks, R.A., 2015. Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality Improvement.Circulation,132(18 suppl 2), pp.S397-S413. May, J., Dhillon, G., and Caldeira, M., 2013. Defining value-based objectives for ERP systems planning. Decision Support Systems,55(1), pp.98-109. McFadden, K.L., Lee, J.Y., Gowen III, C.R. and Sharp, B.M., 2014. Linking quality improvement practices to knowledge management capabilities.The Quality Management Journal,21(1), p.42. Nadeem, E., Olin, S.S., Hill, L.C., Hoagwood, K.E. and Horwitz, S.M., 2013. Understanding the components of quality improvement collaboratives: a systematic literature review.The Milbank Quarterly,91(2), pp.354-394. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rothwell, W.J., Jackson, R.D., Ressler, C.L., Jones, M.C. and Brower, M., 2015.Career Planning and Succession Management: Developing Your Organization's Talentfor Today and Tomorrow: Developing Your Organizations Talentfor Today and Tomorrow. ABC-CLIO. Savino, M.M., and Mazza, A., 2014. Toward environmental and quality sustainability: an integrated approach for continuous improvement. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,61(1), pp.171-181. Shattuck, K., Zimmerman, W.A., and Adair, D., 2014. Continuous improvement of the QM rubric and review processes: Scholarship of integration and application. Internet Learning,3(1), p.5. Tyagi, S., Choudhary, A., Cai, X. and Yang, K., 2015. Value stream mapping to reduce the lead-time of a product development process.International Journal of Production Economics,160, pp.202-212.

Strategy and Strategic Management

Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy and Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Twelve Olympians by Monsiau, circa late 18th century Introduction There is no unanimity among scholars and practitioners on the meaning of strategy. Texts on the subject discuss strategy from different and sometimes contradictory perspectives. The only issue, over which there is little debate, is the origin of the term strategy. â€Å"In its original sense, strategy (from the Greek word, Strategos) is a military term used to describe the art of the general (Harvard Business School, 2005, p. xi). This art is about plans for troop deployment in battles to win wars. Many writers acknowledge that the concept of strategy has military origins, with Sun Tzu’s â€Å"Art of War† being one the oldest treatise on strategy. Businesspersons seem to enjoy using military analogies to conceptualize the running o f businesses in the modern world. Indeed, the pressure of keeping a business afloat amidst a very volatile operating environment that the world has become can feel like war. It is the goal of this paper to seek to uncover the essential components of strategy and the process of formulating a coherent organizational strategy in the context of the built environment. Amid the differences that exist as to what strategy is, it seems more beneficial to embrace a wide-angled view of since each of the viewpoints has merit and contributes to the overall understanding of the concept. It is the approach that Mark, (2004, p. 11) advocates for in the context of business when he states, â€Å"One of the greatest benefits of a comprehensive approach to strategy is the surfacing and exploitation of multiple sources of attractive growth†. However, this growth should give due considerations the internal resources availability for now and for the future.Advertising Looking for essay on busi ness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Essential Components of Strategy The first essential component of strategy is action. The Harvard Business School (2005) states, â€Å"Strategy is about doing the right things† (p. xi). Actions reveal an organizations strategy. A deliberate strategy informs its actions. However, actions not based on a defined strategy still qualify for consideration as part of organizational strategy. Secondly, strategy refers to a plan. Henderson (1991) states, â€Å"Strategy is a deliberate search for a plan of action that will develop a business’s competitive advantage and compound it† (p. 5). This plan informs the actions undertaken when the strategy is deliberate. Henderson (1991) assumes that all strategy must be formally planned. In the context of strategy, it is not the formalization of a plan but the deliberate choices a business puts in place that counts. Another view f orwarded by the Harvard Business School (2005) about strategy is that it is a resource control and utilization plan meant to protect the central interests of an organization. These resources include finances, physical infrastructure, and human resource. This view accomodates the lack of a deliberate centralized conventional business strategy made through a formal process. It simply refers to the arrangement of those resources in a sensible manner towards certain ends. Competitive advantage is the motive behind strategy. Robert (2005) succinctly states, â€Å"Strategy is about winning† (p. 4). This view is supported by Porter (1991) who states, â€Å"the essense of strategy formulation is coping with competition† (p. 11). The idea expressed reveals the intentional use of a plan to out-perform business rivals using unique traits of the organization in order to survive, and hopefully thrive. In this case, strategy answers the need to be the best among competitors. The fif th essential component of strategy revealed by Robert (2005) is organizational identity. He states, â€Å"At the most basic level, strategy making extends beyond questions of resource deployment and market positioning to address fundamental questions such as: what is our business? What are we trying to achieve? What is our identity as an organization?† (Robert, 2005, p. xi). This approach requires the organization to understand itself first before venturing out into the market with a clear direction. Wall (2004) agrees with this approach showing that strategy provides an organization with a â€Å"coherent sense of direction†, which is yet another essential component of strategy (p. 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy and Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This coherence makes it possible for all members of the organization to act in a coordinated fashion, which is essent ial for the success of a business. This holds true for small firms as well as large corporations. The final essential component of strategy is context. Successful strategy is very contextual. â€Å"As soon as we move beyond general notions to more precise definition, then these depend upon the type of arena within which strategy is being deployed† (Robert, 2005, p. 7). This element accounts for the disparities in the views on strategy since some of the viewpoints are highly contextalized. Increasingly, in this era of multinationals and globalization, context is more difficult to delineate especially geographically, yet to ignore context when developing strategy is to court disaster. Towards a Unified View of Strategy Based on the viewpoints above, Mark (2004) seems to have developed the most comprehensive definition of strategy. He states, â€Å"Strategy is about raising and allocating resources, setting priorities, directing organizations, and demonstrating through decisive behaviour what will be done – and what will not – in the pursuit of a larger vision, goal, mission, or high level set of objectives† (Mark, 2004. p. xv). His definition is broad enough to capture most of the essential elements of strategy thereby avoiding the problem of high contextualization. It is also wide enough to cover the specifics of strategy that are valid in the strategic management of all organizations. This makes it useful in understanding the concept of strategy. Its other strength is that it leaves room for looking at strategy as either deliberate or consequential. The elements defined here do not require a centralized approach to strategy development but even if it is there, it does not disqualify it. Its major weakness is its lack of enviromental cognisance. It does not account for environmental factors that greatly influence the preparation and execution of strategy. This goes to demonstrate that the process of developing a unfied view of strate gy is a work in progress, and still requires effort to sysnthesize the essential elements into a comprehensive definition of strategy. This preferred view must include the nine essential componenents identified above and in addition it must allow for both the deliberate and consequential nature of strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A definition that meets the above criteria will still be somewhat incomplete since there is still the problem of universality versus contextualization. The following is an attempt to redefine strategy to meet this criteria presenting a wider understanding of the concept. Strategy is a set of actions, planned or otherwise that influence resource acquisition and allocation, deployed for the express purpose of attaining competitive advantage based on a clear organizational identity expressed in terms of its place, power, problems and potential, which informs its direction and actions within its environmental context. This definition captures all the essential elements identified but its rather cumbersome. It is long and may not appeal to the wider audience who actually need a concise definition to capture the essence of strategy. Probably, the sensible thing to do is to settle for a simplified global definition, while providing working definitions for each field, as writers have alread y done. The Strategy Process As expected, there is no universality in the recommendation of an ideal process for strategy development. There are different views on it. â€Å"Henry Mintzberg and his colleagues at McGill Unversity distinguish intended, realized and emergent strategies†. (Robert, 2005, p. 14). Intended strategy is the one the organization deliberately plans and positions itself to implement. Emergent strategy is the one which developes unwittingly as an organization responds to evolving issues. When these two strategies interact, the result is the realized strategy which is the strategy the organization finds itself implementing. These three strategies are the result of three concurrent processes and they demonstrate the organic nature of strategy. Strategy therefore is not a static process but a dynamic one that evolves and requires regular refitting. There is much concurrence though when looking at strategy as a process. In fact, there is a deliberate encourag ement that organizations should take an active role in the developement of their strategy, other than waiting for one to emerge as they undertake their daily business. The Harvard Business School (2005) states, â€Å"strategy creation and its implementation should be approached as a process† (p. xvi). The school proposes a five level process for strategy development that is useful in understanding the strategy process. The steps in the process are developement of a mission, followed by identification of organizational goals. Thirdly, there is the actual strategy development succeeded by the strategy implementation process. The final level is performance measurement. The first level of strategy development is mission. â€Å"Strategy creation follows from the mission of the company, which defines its purpose and what it aims to do for customers and other stakeholders† (Harvard Business School, 2005, p. xvi). Mark (2004) underscores the importance of mission when he says that the identification and action upon a particular set of issues determines the success of a business. When the organization is clear about its priorities, then it can sucessfully engage in determining what is essential to its operations for success. The mission sets the rules governing its key relationships and functions. The next level is the identification of goals. â€Å"Strategy creation typically begins with extensive research and analysis and a process through which senior management zeros in on the top priority issues that the company needs to tackle to be sucessful inn the long term† (Harvard Business School, 2005, p. xvii). There is a difference in opinion as to the direction of flow of the process, and whether it is the top management that is best placed to set organizational goals. They have the tools and the authority but they lack in understanding of frontline issues that are key in implementation. Frontline staff on the other hand have clear views on what is not working for them but they lack the organizational overview. Probably, a middle line where the management gets input from the frontline is the best way around this challenge. Once the goals are set, strategy creation takes place. It involves determining the internal and external forces followed by the identification of the choices that the organization has to achieve its objectives. Many tools are used to examine the organization’s capacity to settle on a particular organizational strategy after an environmantal scan. While The Havard Busienss School advocates for SWOT as a method of conducting an enviromental scan, Robert (2005) feels that this approach is difficult to implement in practice and he advocates for a two way analysis of the environment, looking at internal and external factors. He contends that its not the four way classification but the â€Å"rigor and depth† in the analysis of these factors that counts (Robert, 2005). Another popular tool worth menti oning used to conduct an evironmental scan is the Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. This tool is useful when the organization’s bottom line is the impetus driving the organization’s effort in undertaking a stategic planning process. There is lesser contention on who developes organizational strategy. Many writers agree that â€Å"the job of creating an organization’s strategy over time falls to senior managers† (Walker, 2004. p4). The forth step in the strategy process is implementation. â€Å"A strategy that is formulated without regard to its implemetation is likely to be fatally flawed.† (Robert, 2005, 14). In pushing the case for more frontline involvement, Daughtry and Casselman (2009) state, â€Å"Vision and strategy, critical though they are, are virtually useless without consistent execution right down to the frontlines† (p. 1 ). This requires good communication along the ranks of the organization. They add that â€Å"Strategy h as to be translated into the language and actions appropriate to each level in the organization† (Daughtry Casselman, 2009, P.5). The final level in the strategy process is performance measurement. This lacks in organizations that do not have deliberate strategy. They do not know what to measure since they have not categorically stated what their goals are. This five-step process is more useful as a conceptual model than as an actual implementation process. Wall (2004) warns that things do not work out this neatly in the real world where forces shift suddenly and without warning. Perhaps it is best to look at strategy development as â€Å"an iterative process that begins with a recognition of where you are and what you have now† (Henderson, 1991, p. 6). New information and circumstances feed into the old circumstances forcing us to change and adapt our methods. The role of strategic management is to ensure that the changes in the environment do not adversely affect the organization’s long term view, but that the organization prepares in advance to take advantage of these changes. Application of Strategy-Strategic Fit and Strategic Foresight Just like other organizations, construction companies exists within a certain environment defined broadly by the natural environment, demographic structures, social structures, legislative processes, technology, and economy. This environment has an immediate impact on their interest’s interests and influences everyday decisions. In addition, they have their own unique internal environments defined by organizational culture, resources outlay such as level capitalisation and expertise, and business processes defining how they find and execute construction contracts. The internal environment influences the realization of their aspirations and the momentum they sustain towards their realization. Certain other forces much larger in dimension constitute the business climate of companies in the built en vironment. These include the macroeconomic trends, political issues, and global trends. Montgomery and Porter (1991) observe, â€Å"Increasingly, both business units and corporations must compete globally† (p. xv). Dalic (2007) calls it â€Å"the convergence of cultures† (p. 4). The climate has long-term impacts on the industry though it may be a while before a particular company begins to feel the impact of climatic changes. They are a very strong motivation behind the strategy process. Before a construction company develops its strategy, it is beneficial and maybe crucial for it to determine what its environment looks like. This allows it to forecast the impact of its present actions thereby providing it with the range of presently available options and the limits within which it can operate profitably. The application of strategy and the strategy process allows an organization to determine two important contexts in strategic planning and strategic management. These are strategic fit and strategic foresight. Strategic Fit Strategic fit looks at the present. It refers to the process where an organization examines its current position to ascertain whether it is sitting squarely on its best possible footing or whether there is a mismatch, based on its objectives. In the built environment, a company looks at whether its level of staffing and financing corresponds to the available opportunities. The resulting plan from the process is a strategic plan to give the organization a better placement within its business context. Robert (2005) recognizes the need for strategic fit when he states, â€Å"For a strategy to be successful, it must be consistent with the firm’s external environment and with the characteristics of the firm’s internal environment- its goals and values, resources and capabilities, and structure and systems† (p. 14). Construction projects normally take very long from ideation to completion, and it is normal for v ery drastic changes in the business enviroment to occur within the life of the project. By seeking to attain strategic fit, a construction company ensures it takes advantage of the present opportunities which may dissapear because of environmental change. Strategic fit is the result of implementing measures concluded upon after conducting an environmental scan during the strategy process. Strategy and the strategy process may provide organizations in the built environment with the ability to determine their strategic fit to ensure that they are currently using their resources to the best effect. However, due to the dynamic environment in the present business context, for a small outfit such as small to medium enterprise construction industy, the strategy process considerations may pose challenges to them in utilizing their resources to the best outcome as it is somewhat restrictive in terms of time, cost and resource availability. Strategic Focus/Foresight On the other hand, strateg ic foresight, also known as strategic focus, refers to the preferred position of an organization usually at some point in the future. By looking at the medium and long-term opportunities, a construction company may find certain desirable positions they would prefer to occupy at that future date. Strategic foresight considers all the forces acting on the business environment within which the organization operates and seeks to determine their impact on the long-term objectives of the organization. This prepares it to take advantage of arising opportunities and prepares it to handle future challenges. â€Å"One of the biggest challenges facing executive teams is lack of strategic focus† (Daughtry Casselman, 2009, p. 7). Its long-term nature makes it easy to ignore especially for small construction companies with severe resource constraints. The pressure of the present seems to make strategic foresight an unnecessary burden on already overworked executives. By drawing on strateg y and the strategy process, a construction company creates strategic focus on its executives, thereby preparing them to handle the challenges the company will face in the future. It assures the long-term survival of the company. It is tempting to look at the strategy process in terms of strategic foresight without considering the implications of strategic fit on the desired future. Organizations in the built environment need to know that strategic foresight without strategic fit results in â€Å"a plan for the future without a plan for the present† (Wall, 2004, p. 13). On the other hand, strategic fit without strategic focus gurantees the present at the expense of the future. Hence, the outcome should be a balanced strategy where there should be a constant review of the corporate strategy and its implication on present and future resources, and the competitive advantage in the market place. Reference List Bacharach, S.B. (1989) Organizational Theories: Dome Criteria for Evalu ation. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 496-515 Bourgeois III, L.T. (1984) Strategic Management and Determinism. The Academy of Management Review, 9(4), 586-596 Dalic, T. (2007) Globalization of Marketing Strategies in Light of Segmentation and Cultural Diversity. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Daughtry, T.C. and Casselman, G.L., (2009) Executing Strategy: From Boardroom to Frontline. Herndon, VI: Capital Books. Harvard Business School (2005) Strategy: Create and Implement the Best Strategy for Your Business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Henderson, B.D.(1991) Developing Strategy in C.A. Montgomery M.E. Porter, eds. Strategy: Seeking and Securing Competitive Advantage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing Division. Li. Y and Peng, M.W. (2008) Developing theory from strategic management research in China, Asia Pacific Journal Manage, 25(3), 563-572. Mark, D. (2004) Strategy: A Step by Step Approach to the Developement and Presentation of World Class Business Strat egy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Poppo, L. and Zenger T. (1998) Testing Alternative Theories of the Firm: Transaction Cost, Knowledge-Based, and Measurement Explanations for Make-or-Buy Decision in Information Services, Strategic Management Journal, 19, 853-887 Robert, M.G. (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Smircich, L. and Stubbart C. (1985), Strategic Management in an Enacted World, The academy of Management Review, 10(4), 724-736. Teece, D.J., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1997) Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533. Toffek, M.W. (2004) Strategic Management of Product Recovery, California Management Review, 46(2), 1-22 Venkatram, N. and Cumillus, J.C. (1984) Exploring the Concept of â€Å"Fit† in Strategic Management, The Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 513-525 Walker, G. (2004) Modern Competitive Strategy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Wall, S.J. (2004) On the Fly: Executing S trategy in a Changing World. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. D31BM – Business Management for Built Environment This essay on Strategy and Strategic Management was written and submitted by user Otto Skinner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Euthanasia and a Right to Die essays

Euthanasia and a Right to Die essays I once heard this story a long time ago. I cant remember what I was doing at the time, and it is rare that I can remember a story in such detail, but when I do, I consider it has profound meaning. Wait, now I remember. I was working in a cancer ward and I took my break next to the patient rooms. Oddly enough, the place seemed dreadfully empty, except for one old man whom I suspect had cancer. I thought to myself there could not be any harm in having a conversation with him so I meandered over until I sat next to him. Without hesitation, he asked me, Have you ever seen anyone die? I never had, nor had I ever known anyone close to me die. Sure, thousands die on the news everyday, but Im completely desensitized to issues far away from home. So this question struck me as quite peculiar and I knew I was in for an interesting conversation. I did not want to sound boring, so I boasted that I had seen nearly every way a person can die. I left out the part that I had seen all those deaths on television. He gave me a smirk, but whether he was impressed or saw through my facade, I will never know. Hes probably dead now, you see. But I suspect it was the latter. So he began to tell me this story. It goes something like this. Not too long ago in a kingdom lived a king, and this king loved all the joys that life could bring. He especially loved to laugh, often waking up in the middle of the night laughing hysterically from a dream he had. All his advisors could not understand the source of his laughter. Indeed, they tried many methods to curtail his humor in the hopes that he would act more like a king than a jester. Finally, at their wits end, they decided that they should hold a great contest to find the best court jester to entertain the king. I think thats where the saying if you cant beat them, join them came from. Anyway, in the great court, the funniest men in the kingdom conve...

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Learners With Exceptionalities Make Up An Important Education Essay Learners with an exceptionality differ from their peers through their differences in requirements to learning and the classroom environment in regard to factors such as support systems, teaching methods, and social interaction with other learners and teachers. Learners with an exceptionality include those with learning disabilities, communication disorders, intellectual disabilities, behaviour disorders, and also gifted and talented students. Each group needs a special level and type of support for their individual learning needs. Because these learners make up the extreme ends of the learning spectrum, sometimes all areas of a learners schooling life have to be altered to cater for the individual. This can be from an intermittent, part-time basis to the learner requiring full-time support. However, the social interaction can be highly beneficial for students with an exceptionality, (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007) and research shows this could be due to activities such as peer tutoring within classes. Because of these learners extra requirements on the teachers and supporting caregivers at school and home, (especially those with disabilities) this can eventually result in not only the search for funding for these learners, but over the long-term a strain on teachers and other learning professionals to create a continual individualized learning programme, unless strategies are implemented to create a positive and effective learning environment for both the learner and teacher. Exceptionality also has implications for the learner in school in terms of the learners relationships with others, but also the implications on the relationships between these individuals. For example, if the classroom environment is becoming stressful because of a students disruptive behaviour disorder, this can create negative relationships between other students parents and the teacher or school professionals. The spill over effect of only some learners needs being addressed can be very negatively impacting, and so encouraging a positive learning environment is essential. There are certain strategies related to the social cognitive theory that can help to create a positive learning environment. Furthermore, these strategies in teaching can be applied to not only students with exceptionalities but also to all students in different contexts of learning environments within schools at all ends of the learning spectrum. These strategies are modelling, vicarious learning, and self regul ation and can all be implemented into classroom applications at school as they help explain how learning happens. Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation are some of the essential processes that are involved in learning, and also in the social cognitive theory. The social cognitive theory explains learning by focusing on behaviour resulting from observing others (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 179). This theory stems from behaviourism, which agrees with the social cognitive theory in three main ways, firstly both theories maintain that experience, the ideas of reinforcement or punishment, and feedback are essential to learning. However, the core elements of the social cognitive theory differs to behaviourism also in three ways, social cognitive theorists define learning as a change in mental processes that creates the capacity to demonstrate different behaviours (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 180) which can be demonstrated in the teaching strategy of modelling, compared to behaviourists who define learning as a change in observable behaviour. Secondly, in the social cognitive theory beliefs, self perceptions and expectations are important. This is evident in the vicarious learning strategy which is strongly linked to expectations of the learner. Thirdly, social cognitive theorists believe that the environment, personal factors and behaviour rely on and affect one another. This is also called reciprocal causation. This is closely interconnected with self regulation, another essential learning tool. The main components of this theory are explained and discussed as teaching strategies which help learners to adapt their behaviour through seeing and interacting with others, therefore promoting a positive classroom environment for all students with and without an exceptionality. The three teaching strategies that are based on the social cognitive theory can be implemented in a school setting in a number of different ways. Firstly, modelling is one of the central concepts of the social cognitive theory and can be a very effective way of teaching, especially in terms of different age groups, different cultures and learners at all ends of the learning spectrum. Modelling refers to observing then making behavioural, cognitive, or affective changes as a result (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 181). Modelling can be taught in three main forms, direct modelling, where the learner simply tries to copy the teachers behaviour. This is especially effective for children with a learning or intellectual disability, as it promotes and encourages learning (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007) and also can be particular effective for children in the pre-operational stage as it not only can work well as an effective form of instructional scaffolding, but direct modelling can also be effective when demonstrated through models, simulations, and demonstrations. The hands on approach can be highly effective in encouraging higher order thinking in children with a learning disability. (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007) Modelling in general is also important to the learning of students with an exceptionality because it encourages social interaction and development, with the result being cognitive development through accommodation and assimilation (Eggen Kauchak, 2010). Cognitive Modelling encourages social interactions between learners for both the students with exceptionalities and other students, and as the research and views of both Piaget and Vytkey suggest, social integration is essential for learning development. (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 181). This can be demonstrated in the classroom environment by a teachers verbal or written explan ation of the cognitive and thought processes used while solving a problem or applying knowledge to aim for a result. This is also effective because it gives learners an insight into the intrinsic processes of their cognitive development, encouraging them to be self aware. The effects of modelling are large, as learners can acquire new behaviours, use existing behaviours in a new and different way, and their perception of their inhibitions and emotional reactions can also change (Eggen Kauchak, 2010). In a nutshell, modelling encourages learning through its positive effects on attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. Vicarious learning is also an important core concept of the social cognitive theory as it affects students expectations. Expectations are especially important for students with exceptionalities as a safe, supportive and routine environment are all essential factors in contributing to the learning and developmental achievement of these individuals within the school environment. (Buckley, Bird, Sacks Archer. 2006).Vicarious learning is an essential teaching strategy as people tend to imitate behaviour they see in others, so learners with an exceptionality can relate and learn effectively in this environment. This strategy can be implemented in the school or classroom environment by planning, implementing and monitoring rules and procedures in a variety of ways. Visual and written aids, such as charts, wall planners and visual cues can encourage positive and constructive learning behaviour and attitudes, as well as organizing groups within the class and using modelling or hands on acti vities. This has also been shown to lessen the frequency of behaviour problems occurring in some students with a learning disability (Scruggs Mastropieri, 2007). Vicarious learning is also a link to another teaching strategy of self regulation, which affects the learners motivation, ability to set goals and take responsibility for their own understanding and learning. By affecting learners expectations of their own ability this can have an effect on their behaviour and their environment. Self regulation requires consistency in teaching, in order for the students themselves to become consistent in self awareness and self monitoring ability. Consistency is also important in the students efforts to monitor their own progress and in their determination to succeed at their desired goals, making them accountable for their own learning. Reflective practice is also necessary for teachers with any strategy in the learning environment. This can be implemented in a variety of ways, such as conducting action research of the classroom environment in order to answer a specific question regarding learners with and/or without an exceptionality. Other ways te achers can use reflective practice is by using a diary or journal, creating aims and goals, testing those aims and goals, monitoring the progress of the students and then reviewing those aims and goals. This is inclusive of teaching self regulation, as it requires the teacher to constantly adapt and develop as the learner does. Understanding the issues for teaching professionals of learners with an exceptionality and their community is vastly important for all stakeholders involved. Openness, communication, knowledge and pedagogical knowledge amongst individuals is especially relevant in regards with decisions and plans relative to the learner, such as the I.E.P. These aspects are important and contributing factors to a learners development. In other words, instructional leadership, and collaboration together are important within a school to ensure the learners needs are met. Furthermore it is also important to note that although inclusive education in New Zealand can be effective with social and diverse benefits; many parents and families are choosing special education due to extensive resources that some inclusive education schooling environments may not have. Implementing the strategies discussed in inclusive education is costly. Adapting teaching strategies and the curriculum requires resources, and fun ding is an issue as there is a high demand from all different sectors such as inclusive versus special schools wanting a piece of the cake. (Eades, Leech Tuenter 2010). This is still being addressed for a number of reasons but could possibly be due to a general awareness of the limitations for learners with an exceptionality, and the effects and impact at large on the greater proportion of all other students in inclusive education. In conclusion, both the teacher and students can benefit from the number of teaching strategies demonstrated by the social cognitive theory. However the present impact on the learner in New Zealand is limited by financial constraints to implement these, and other learning strategies for students with an exceptionality. With a focus on results over reasons, perhaps the future of these learners will see the equal and effective teaching resources of their peers, through a focus on the empathy and understanding of their unique but equally important needs.

Use of Symbolism, Tone, and Irony in The Swimmer, by John Cheever Essay

Finding home boarded up; a sensation of coldness and unwelcoming takes over. Sudden misfortunes arise from what was once a perfect life, and the world appears upside-down. Attempts to remember what went wrong fail. Memories are unclear and time seems blurry. At one time, John Cheever found himself in this position, using alcohol to ignore his problems. John Cheever was born in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1912. In 1941, he moved to suburban Westchester and eventually became addicted to alcohol, which is a recurrent motif in many of his short stories. He died in 1982 from cancer. In his short story, "The Swimmer," an affluent man named Neddy Merrill decides to swim through all of the pools in his county to reach his own house. The neighbors welcome him at first, until a storm passes and everyone begins to regard him negatively. When he finally reaches home from his journey, he finds his house empty and boarded up. Just like the author, Ned suffered after he put aside his issues. John Cheever develops his theme that changes will inevitably come as time passes by in his short story "The Swimmer" through his use of symbolism, tone, and irony. At first glance,"The Swimmer" is literally a story about a man who swims through pools only to come home to an empty house- the symbolism makes it much more than that. One of the main symbols in "The Swimmer" is the swimming pools, which represent time periods. Halfway through the story, Ned reaches the Welchers and realises that they "had definitely gone away. [Their] pool furniture was folded, stacked, and covered with a tarpaulin" (Cheever). Unknown to Neddy, large amount of time has passed between the time he started his voyage and where he is now. Ned does not remember the Welchers' s... ...ss. Works Cited Blythe, Hal, and Charlie Sweet. "Man-Made vs. Natural Cycles: What Really Happens in 'The Swimmer..'" Studies in Short Fiction 27.3 (Summer 1990): 415-418. Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 120. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. Cheever, John. The Swimmer. N.p.: Library of America, 2009. Print. Morace, Robert A. "The Swimmer: Overview." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994.Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. "The Swimmer." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 57. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Literature Resource Center. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. Watts, Harold H. "John Cheever: Overview." Reference Guide to American Literature. Ed. Jim Kamp. 3rd ed. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. Literature Resource Center. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.

Advantage and disadvantage of globalization Essay

Innovation ideas, which are suitable to adapt changeable customers’ preferences. With the development of technology, customers preferences are always updated due to global information transmit. Global Managers are capable to create more inventive products to keep and expand global markets. 2. Localization, which can avoid cultural conflict between local customers and global company, avoid future failure of investment of subsidiary of local company. Global managers must consider customizing products to comply with local national traits and policies. On-time follow-up, which is necessary to find and solve customers’ problems, renovate and meet their requirements, to update and improve the level of global marketing. Global managers are responsible for timely feedback to customizing products. Market segment, which is flexible for global manages to make differential marketing strategy for different products in different markets. Some products with lower price and higher frequency usage can be adapted standardization strategy, which some products with high price and lower frequency usage can be adapted customization strategy. High manufacturing costs. In order to adapt different customers preferences in different markets, global companies must put their products into different manufacturing process, or different testing system, or different package operation, etc. so that the products can be customized to sale in the global market. Unavoidable national barriers. Almost every country set national trade barriers or policies to protect local companies business. And some of countries have their own cultural and religious, own living habits, global companies are difficult to enter inside without any risks or discourages. Redundant market researches. Global companies have to contribute themselves into lots of market surveys and researches, because it can influence decisions among subsidiary market. However, without local questionnaires or face meeting, data collect and calculation, case study and comparison, etc. , global managers cannot finalize a new investment program carelessly.

Fatiguer - to Fatigue, Tire - French Verb Conjugations

Fatiguer - to Fatigue, Tire - French Verb Conjugations The French verb  fatiguer means to fatigue or tire. Find simple conjugations for this regular -er verb in the tables below. Conjugations of Fatiguer Present Future Imperfect Present participle je fatigue fatiguerai fatiguais fatiguant tu fatigues fatigueras fatiguais il fatigue fatiguera fatiguait nous fatiguons fatiguerons fatiguions vous fatiguez fatiguerez fatiguiez ils fatiguent fatigueront fatiguaient Pass compos Auxiliary verb avoir Past participle fatigu Subjunctive Conditional Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive je fatigue fatiguerais fatiguai fatiguasse tu fatigues fatiguerais fatiguas fatiguasses il fatigue fatiguerait fatigua fatigut nous fatiguions fatiguerions fatigumes fatiguassions vous fatiguiez fatigueriez fatigutes fatiguassiez ils fatiguent fatigueraient fatigurent fatiguassent Imperative tu fatigue nous fatiguons vous fatiguez Verb conjugation patternFatiguer  is a  regular -ER verb

MARINE BIOLOGISTS Essays - Fisheries, Marine Biology, Fish

MARINE BIOLOGISTS Essays - Fisheries, Marine Biology, Fish MARINE BIOLOGISTS Perhaps one of the most important administrations in the world is the Nation Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, more commonly referred to as the NOAA. It was established in 1970. There are 400 officers in the program and over 12,000 employees. This organization helps the career of Marine Biology and promotes its well being. Welcome to the wonderful world of Marine Biology. Marine Biology starts when there is pollution in the water and then they take samples of the water and sea weed, algae, microscopic organisms, fish, and large sea mammals. Then they examine them and try to analyze the cause of the pollution to the fullest extent and try to come up with a verdict on what the pollution is resulting from. Marine Biologists also warn us of dangerous weather such as hurricanes, floods and cyclones. Marine biology is also when the Biologists watch the animals reproduce and see if they can get other animals to reproduce and see what they can do with what happens. A Marine Biologist can make around $60,000 as an annual salary. In a typical day, they usually take their studies to the lab and do research on it. The involvement of science comes from the study of seaweed and its habitats and the fish, what they eat, where they go, and how they reproduce. They also look at the sea mammals and where they move, they also see how whales and other mammals reproduce. To be a Marine Biologist, you need a B.A. and a M.S. or you need 4 years of college, and you need to have experience or live by a large body of water. I would like to do it because I like the water. I am also good with animals, and I like marine animals such as whales and adore tropical fish. I would also enjoy working in labs with fish, seaweed, and sea mammals. I think it would be fun to have a whale and watch it reproduce, or to have an eel and a sting ray and watch them reproduce. I would also take two sorts of sea weed and try to make a different sort of sea weed. To be a Marine Biologist, you need to be smart and have to have some experience with the ocean or a body of water. It also takes a while to go through 4 years of college. Also you have to go through all the special courses required to be a Marine Biologist. The good thing is you get to go scuba diving and explore the oceans bottom, and you get to see all of the beautiful marine wildlife and fish. That is my report on what a Marine Biologist is. What they do in a typical day, what their salary is, what degree they need to be a Marine Biologist, how it is involved in science and why I would like to do it and why others would like to, too.

Movie review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Movie Review Example the audience to rethink their perceptions on faith healing, and want to believe the ease by which a person can be healed without the use of any form of medication. In addition, it gives non-believers the idea that faith healing is not dependent on the form of faith, but the faith itself, meaning that a person does not need religious faith to be healed; a little faith is enough. Henry Poole discovers that he has a terminal disease during a routine check-up, gives up hope in life and buys a house in the suburbs in his home area, where he can die in peace after wasting his life on drinking. This retreat into suburbia shows that Poole had given up hope on life, and all he wanted to do with his life is to waste it before he died. To ensure that he lives in solace, Poole buys a house in a busy suburb that resembles many others, and since people will be too busy minding their own business, he will not be disturbed. However, this is not to happen as he finds out that he had a nosey neighbour, Esperanza, who insists that a stain she saw in his house was the image of Jesus, and it has healing power. While dealing with Esperanza, Poole meets with Millie; the daughter of Dawn became taciturn and lost her speech when her father left them. Millie touches the stain and her speechlessness is cured, and Poole’s neighbours start insisting that he was in that house fo r a reason and the stain could heal him (Henry Poole Is Here). Poole did not believe this, and in anger, he smashes the wall due to the frustration of believers insisting on imposing their faith on him, even though there is nothing wrong with their insistence or his resistance. However, denying the apparition means that Poole consciously thinks he does not believe in faith healing, though later events in the film show that he believes but at a subconscious level. Smashing the wall intensifies Poole’s relationship with his neighbours, especially since Millie’s healing had an effect on him. He knows that he touched

Mean Variance Analysis - Portfolio Theory and Diversification Assignment

Mean Variance Analysis - Portfolio Theory and Diversification - Assignment Example The most common objective of diversification is â€Å"not to put all eggs in the same basket†. Diversification may have different forms. A well-diversified portfolio is the one in which all the constituents do not have any relationship among each other (Fabozzi et al, 2002). That relationship can be measured by using statistical technique of correlation. Correlation actually measures how much a constituent is associated or linked with the other constituent such that in case if the correlation is equal to or near to 1 among two constituents, then those two constituents would be called as highly associated with each other as having strong relationship between them. On the other hand, if the correlation becomes to 0, it means that there is no relationship between the constituents and they are independent of each other. The third possibility is that the correlation is computed as -1 or near to it which means that the constituents has strong negative relationship among each other a nd they are associated with each other in opposite manner. So according to portfolio theory, the risk of a portfolio can be minimized in case if the portfolio is well-diversified in terms if its constituents such that the constituents either do no have any relationship with each other i.e. correlation = 0 or they have opposite relationship with each other such that correlation = -1 or near to it. ... In case if the constituents do not have any relationship with each other then the constituents would show a unique behavior irrespective of any other constituent. As a result, if the price of any constituent decreases, it will not have any impact on the prices of other constituents and in this way, the overall volatility of the portfolio will remain substantially lower. The negative relationship among the constituents of the portfolio will compensate each other such that if the price of one constituent decreases, than it would be effectively compensated by the other constituent such that its price would be increased, thus it would result in managing the overall risk of the portfolio given that the required return of the portfolio is ensured. This kind of portfolio would be considered as well-diversified and ensure the same return but with the reduced level of risk. The individual return that can be earned on each constituent would be similar to those which are kept in a well-diversif ied portfolio, but the overall risk of the portfolio would be substantially less than every individual constituent. Diversification Principles There are different kinds of diversification strategies which are available for the investors, some of them are discussed as under: Diversification through Different Asset Classes The most famous diversification strategy holds that the constituents of a portfolio must be well spread in different asset class such that investment can be managed in different proportions under stocks, bonds, marketable securities, commodities, property and real estates, currencies etc (Shefrin, 2000). These asset classes provide a large area for diversification and hardly any relationship can be found among these asset classes. Diversification through

Organisational psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisational psychology - Essay Example The workplace should be a place with as little conflict as possible for it to be conducive for productivity. It is important, according to the article, to interact with the employee to resolve the problems. Moreover, a list is provided for the most difficult employees, with bullies at the top, along with ways to deal with them according to the behaviour they manifest. For example, the author states that a dictator is someone who likes to take charge in everything and wants to intimidate others; therefore, to deal with such a person, it is best if one does not challenge them, but at the same time remains learns to say no to them without being intimidated. The list of difficult employees includes bullies who like to frighten and manipulate others, martyrs who crave sympathy and often crib about how they are mistreated prompting guilt and attention from others, narcissists who are only involved in themselves and do not work with the team, chatterers who love to talk, serial fault finders who, as the name suggests, only like to pick out faults in the work of others, clams who are the exact opposite of chatterers and who keep to themselves, dictators who like to run the office their own way and not accommodate others but to order them around, and finally whingers who like to complain about everything big or small. No doubt dealing with so many employees is hard on the manager as each has his or her own individual temperaments. According to research, it is important to first realise why the problem occurred in the first place, a topic dealt with in the article. It was put forward by experts that it is important to first deal with the problems that face the employee before trying to deal with the employee (Albright, 1978), so much so that it is important for the manger to be aware of the problems facing the employee and to eliminate them even before they start having an effect on the

Owning a car when one turns 16 Essay Example for Free

Owning a car when one turns 16 Essay There are many advantages and disadvantages to owning a vehicle. A life style change can occur or an empty wallet or purse I can almost expect someone will have when they first start driving a vehicle of their own. This impact in ones life can not only change their life style and their money situation but also there grades, sports, social life, and most of all their physical health. These advantages and disadvantages can be for the better but most of all the worst. In my opinion, owning a vehicle at a young age develops a good source of financial planning, responsibility, and awareness of what can happen to them if they become an uncontrolled driver. Next, with the purchase of a car there can be a life style change and also a huge financial decrease. If one owns a car, especially a teenager, they become cocky and act like a hot shot because they have a vehicle. With this problem a teen may start to develop a new driving style. They will drive with only one arm and will constantly change the CD player to different compact discs and radio station. With having them do this they will increase the chances of not paying attention to the rode and will cause an accident. So, a driver needs to keep their eyes on the rode to not only protect to their own life but the lives of others. Then, the new driver has already developed the bad habits of driving and this will lead them into a having bad grades, missing practices for sports, and lose a social life. The bad grades can come from driving too much, but if one drives, they will need a job. A job is where a loss in a social life comes together. If they are working to drive, they will not have enough time to spend with their friends. Now that they are trying to find time out of work to drive, hang out with friends, and play sports. Sports are after school each day. I dont expect a driver to play sports all week and only work two days and still have enough money to pay for their vehicle. Finally, the most difficult sacrifice to give up is their physical health being tampered with. By working all the time and constantly trying to join sports and hang out with friends this will affect their health. Where is their time to sleep? One will be doing it all but; they do need time to sleep. All of these advantages and disadvantages will change their entire  life style. I believe owning a vehicle will do that but in some cases a change is a good thing so there is always something to look out for. Change can be good but the time will keep ticking away. So, do what makes one happy and make it how you want it.

Smoking; Who Does it Really Affect? Essay -- Health, informative, expos

Secondhand smoke is extremely hazardous. It can cause death and dangerous health defects. Therefore, smoking is not only bad for the smoker, but for people around him or her too. However, there are only few laws that restrict public smoking. More legislation on smoking restrictions is needed because secondhand smoke causes asthma attacks in children, heart disease in adults, and sudden infant death syndrome in babies. These health problems are a result of the harmful chemicals in cigarettes. According to the National Cancer Institute, Beryllium, Butadiene, Chromium, Nickel, and Polonium are just a few of the 69 deadly chemicals that can cause cancer. The Office of the Surgeon General has proven that when inhaled, the same cancer-causing chemicals that smokers breathe enter the non-smokers body through secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke is the combination of the smoke given off by a burning tobacco product (side stream smoke) and the smoke exhaled by a smoker (mainstream smoke). Because side stream smoke is made at lower temperatures and under different conditions than mainstream smoke, it has larger amounts of many of the toxins found in cigarette smoke. [National Cancer Institute]. Secondhand smoke has over 50 chemicals that cause cancer, and a minimum of 250 can harm you [National Cancer Institute and Office of the Surgeon General]. â€Å"The National Toxicology program estimates that at least those 250 chemicals in secondhand smoke are known to be toxic or carcinogenic† [Office of the Surgeon General]. The National Institutes of Health shows that environmental smoke is hurtful enough that it is considered a â€Å"Group A† carcinogen. â€Å"Group A carcinogens are the most toxic substances known to cause cancer in humans† [National Institut... ...g to worry about inhaling someone else’s smoke. Therefore, the government needs to take secondhand smoke seriously, and take precautions to help innocent bystanders from being subject to secondhand smoke. Works Cited American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2010. Atlanta, GA: 2010. Print. American Heart Association. â€Å"Environmental (Secondhand) Tobacco Smoke.† n.p. 29 Nov. 2010. Web. 8 May 2011. National Cancer Institute. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1999. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 10. National Institutes of Health. â€Å"Other People’s Smoke.† n.p. n.d. Web. 8 May 2011 Office of the Surgeon General, â€Å"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General.† U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 4 Jan. 2007. Web. 8 May 2011.