George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty Free Essays

Vladimir Lenin, the primary head of the Soviet Union, when expressed â€Å"A lie came clean with frequently enough becomes. † in the midst of comprehensive misleading, it is just inborn for humankind to be blinded by reality in an immense ocean of deceives the point in which the demonstration of coming clean gets progressive. In George Orwell’s 1984, society is driven by the manufacture of reality trying to make an ideal world. We will compose a custom article test on George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now In any case, this endeavor simply makes a general public based upon untruths and corruption.Through this novel, George Orwell remarks on the need for people to come clean and stand up to falsehoods, trickery, and lie since mankind will confront adverse outcomes in the event that they don't. Orwell focuses on the significance of humankind to come clean by tending to the outcomes of deceptive nature dispensed on mankind. In the novel 1984, the Party’s motto, â€Å"Who controls the past controls what's to come. Who controls the current controls the past,† uncovers the government’s interest to control all parts of peoples’ lives. By changing history, the Party has supreme intensity of the present, restricting the mental autonomy of its subjects by controlling their understandings of the past. People are taboo to keep any record of their past, for example, photos and archives, and all accounts, incredible or little blur â€Å"away into a shadow-world in which, at last, even the date of the year is dubious. † Therefore, the individuals from the general public are eager to have confidence in any â€Å"truth† the Party takes care of them.Due to the dependence of power, mankind would turn out to be profoundly puerile and stupid. Similarly as newborn children rely upon their parents’ direction, all of mankind would go about as meager kids, depending on power to guide them to reality. Individuals would practically have no memory of the past, so they would have no understanding of feelings and would not recognize what feelings really are. Thus, Orwell recommends that individuals would not develop as people since they would put stock in anything authority lets them know, without questioning its paradox. Thusly, people would not have the option to separate right from wrong. Orwell remarks on the need for people to go up against untruths, trickery, and equivocation since people will confront madness on the off chance that they don't. In the novel, when Winston is limited in the Ministry of Love, O’Brien holds up four fingers and orders Winston to state he is holding up five fingers, in spite of the lie of that announcement. However, Winston persistently says â€Å"four† and is genuinely tormented thus. Until he can no longer persevere through the torment, Winston at last rackets, â€Å"Five. Five. Five. Be that as it may, O’Brien blames Winston for lying and incurs all the more unbearable agony on him. Indeed, O’Brien asks, â€Å"How numerous fingers am I holding up, Winston? † Winston then cries, â€Å"I don’t know. I don’t know. I don’t know†¦Four, five, sixâ€in all genuineness I don’t know! † This uncovers human encounter with untruths, duplicity, and lie prompts outright craziness. Orwell remarks on the act of doublethink as exceptionally corrupt and mentally harming to the human psyche. This thusly will influence the bliss of people, leaving them without trust and motivation to live.Thus, the central matter of mankind would be serve the administration and please authority. The quest for even the easiest truth among the best lies can be slippery in light of the fact that it simple for people to be blinded by reality. Through the novel 1984, Orwell voices his detestation on the human endeavor in making an ideal world, and he enormously highlights the human requirement for people to come clean and face falsehoods, misdirection, and equivocation. In the long run, if mankind doesn't do precisely this, the eventual fate of society will prompt an extreme death. Instructions to refer to George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty, Papers

Role of Nurses in Proper Clinical Handover -myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theRole of Nurses in Proper Clinical Handover of Patients. Answer: The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC) has shaped the ten principles on the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) that points in shielding the patients from any damage and adequately improve the quality arrangement of wellbeing administration. They convey powerful strategies so as to guarantee that base security and quality principles are met with an improved component to comprehend the formative objectives (Phillips, et al., 2014). Among the10 measures, the standard 6 is about clinical handover that points in guaranteeing ideal, all around encircled and significant handover that sets the clinical setting and handover gauges. Arranging the clinical handover viably can limit the correspondence blunders in the middle of the wellbeing experts and in this manner increment the security and care of the patients (Hesselink, et al., 2012). Issues in clinical correspondence are one of the significant hazard factors in about 70% medical clinics tha t generally ascend at the transient time frame when the patient is moved between units, clinicians and groups (Tappenden, et al., 2013). Erroneous clinical handover apply unfavorable influence bringing about deferred finding and treatment, skipped or copied tests coming about to wrong treatment with regulating incorrectly medicine to the patients (Eggins, S., Slade, D., 2012). Different disparities are correspondence issue because of variety in sex, ethnicity and pecking order. In this way, the accomplishment of a powerful clinical handover is met dependent on three measures, for example, the execution of a viable handover framework by the wellbeing coordinators, the wellbeing administration ought to have very much reported and all around surrounded procedures of clinical handover set up and ultimately associations ought to set up methods to join patients and medical attendants in handover forms (Tolk, et al., 2015). The arrangements and techniques ought to be withstood proficiently so as to help the consideration benefits in helping the patient with deference (Thomas, et al., 2013). In this following article we will talk about the nursing job identified with clinical handover of by legitimate correspondence and documentation of the patients. Qualities fundamental clinical handover. The main rule is that the clinical handover ought to effectively incorporate the interest of the patient, the attendants and the clinicians (Drach?Zahavy, et al., 2015). The clinicians ought to tune in to the data gave by the patients and the attendants so as to comprehend the circumstance. Aside from the clinicians, it is significant for the patients and nursing office to know the present advancement with required medicines and care arranging. This rule of dynamic inclusion in this manner can decrease the danger of encountering unfriendly occasion by the patients (Barello, et al., 2015). Arrangement and association of handovers. The clinical handover should be set up before the hour of handover. The nursing staffs should make the handover at a given time and spot. All the applicable reports and the notes about the advancement ought to be normally refreshed and ought to be accessible during the handover time. Alongside verbal handover, the nursing staff ought to likewise give documentation as handover sheets. An assigned medical caretaker ought to promptly share all the applicable correspondence as handover encompasses the patients wellbeing and workers secured and paid time. All the ecological issues, for example, security and medical problems that can influence the move ought to be educated to the approaching nursing group. In this manner, to stay away from the miscommunication the handover ought to consistently contain the focuses, for example, patients requiring prompt treatment, with high keenness, disintegrating, additional security measures for patients with co ntaminations, releasing or moving patients and assigning the staffs and medical attendants (Drews A., 2013). The handover ought to likewise incorporate responsibility move and duty that aids precise correspondence of basic data among the clinicians (Eggins, S., Slade, D., 2012). Constituents of clinical handover. The nursing staff should process the handover in an organized and very much archived way so as to guarantee that each member knows the data, the handover reason and furthermore the documentation that must be shared (Kerr, et al., 2014). The data is shared inside the clinicians of one control, to other order, to the wards inside the heath administration during shift change, starting with one then onto the next ward, during moving the patient to other office, on tolerant release or at whatever point the condition warrants. So as to guarantee that pertinent data are shared by the nursing staffs, instruments based organized handover are utilized that supports the patient appraisal, improves correspondence along these lines sparing time both for evaluation and clinicians. To enable the clinicians to recollect the data for handover, numerous abbreviations are utilized (Holly, C., Poletick, B., 2014). Techniques. At whatever point conceivable the associating and explanation ought to be led in front separated from verbal handover including refreshed data of patient. The steady apparatuses can bring down the danger of skipping data, can ad lib the data maintenance, and lessens redundancy and handover length (Bost, et al., 2012). It is significant that the data gave is completely obvious to the individual getting the handover by the clinicians however the patients are steady (Dawson, S., L., Grantham, H., 2013). Job of attendant giving the handover. The nursing staff ought to keep up the private data and the security of the patient in the handover. While accompanying a patient by non-staff, a verbal handover ought to be given to the dispensed individual accepting the patient all together accepts the accountability and responsibility (Johnson, et al., 2012). All the exchange subtleties and release subtleties ought to be very much talked about both with patient and medical caretaker. While giving the patients to clinicians, they ought to be educated about the patients present status and affirmation time. The subtleties of patients character and soundness ought to be surveyed appropriately so as to set up the handover during moving or at release time(Pham, et al., 2012). Documentation ought to be refreshed involving setting up the handover structures and progress notes. The structures ought to incorporate the date of confirmation and determination, any occasions at the hour of affirmation, comp lete release synopsis, any sort of hazard with preventive techniques and referrals. During accepting the handover, nurture in control ought to convey to the patient and guardian. While speaking with clinicians, the medical caretaker ought to be totally mindful of the affirmation time and other applicable insights about the patient and explain if uncertain about anything (Manias, et al., 2016). The attendant ought to play out a general appraisal and record the discoveries in regards to advance alongside complete documentation of medicine and liquid outlines. Any questions emerging ought to be promptly explained with clinician before taking the patients charge. Appropriate accessibility of the considerable number of patients related records ought to be (Dawson, S., L., Grantham, H., 2013). Drawing in with patients and attendants. The attendants ought to teach the prerequisites and job of clinical handover to patients and parental figure. This demeanor can draw out a concerned issue and can be viable in rewarding the patient (Caligtan, et al., 2012). The need of trading the data is to give additional data that was not accessible with clinicians. The patients and guardian ought to get to know the present status followed by treatment and care arranging. Both the patient and guardian should call attention to any question with the group of medicinal services. Barring English, data ought to be given in different dialects. The staff ought to guarantee that patient and parental figure both remain refreshed about the courses of treatment alongside release data (Smeulers, et al., 2012). Assessment and announcing antagonistic effects. The nursing staff ought to take an interest in inspecting the clinical records and assess the documentation to improve the practices (Towers L., 2013). Attendant in control, allotted clinical official ought to know about any poor or inaccessibility of clinical handover and ought to be entered in clinical record along these lines answering to the hazard the board framework (Markar, H., O'Sullivan, G., 2012). These occasions ought to likewise be educated to patients and parental figure therefore actualizing the associations revelation. The patterns based data would then be able to be used to improve the framework, conventions, strategy and types of gear alongside improving preparing exercises and training (Pham, et al., 2012). In this manner, by executing an appropriate clinical handover by the nursing staff in the medical clinic can successfully decrease the correspondence hole among the clinicians and patients and adds to expand the patients wellbeing and better consideration arranging in the emergency clinic. Book reference Barello, S., Savarese, M., Graffigna, G. (2015). The job of parental figures in the old human services venture: Insights for continuing older patient commitment. Quiet Engagement: A consumercentered model to develop social insurance, 108-119. Bost, N., Crilly, J., Patterson, E., . . . W. (2012). Clinical handover of patients showing up by rescue vehicle to a medical clinic crisis division: a subjective report. Universal Emergency Nursing, 133-141. Caligtan, A., C., Carroll, L., D., Hurley, C., A., . . . C., P. (2012). Bedside data innovation to help persistent focused consideration. Worldwide diary of clinical informatics, 442-451. Dawson, S., K., L., Grantham, H. (2013). Improving the medical clinic clinical handover among paramedics and crisis division staff in the falling apart patient. Crisis Medicine Australasia, 393-405. Drach?Zahavy, A., Goldblatt, H., Maizel, A. (2015). Among normalization and versatility: medical caretakers' emanant chance administration systems during h

Leadership and its impact on motivation and performance Essays

Administration and its effect on inspiration and execution Essays Administration and its effect on inspiration and execution Essay Authority and its effect on inspiration and execution Essay Presentation There is no perfect meaning of authority. 221 clarifications were given by Bass (2008): he featured the way that any single definition would do not have certain highlights (Van Wart, 2013). In this paper we think about the accompanying understandings. The principal definition expresses that authority is relational impact that is utilized for guiding others so as to accomplish certain objectives (Guetzkow, 1961). Thus, viability of a pioneer can be estimated by the degree of his devotees execution and inspiration to work. Initiative can frequently be mistaken for the executives and organization: owever, it is obvious that only one out of every odd director (administrator) is a pioneer and the other way around. Administration is about force, I. e. energy of the devotees to follow, while organization and the board about power vested in a people position. Furthermore, the executives just as organization is considered in this paper as support action, while administration generally manages change. Pioneers are individuals who shape the objectives, inspirations, and activities of others. As often as possible they start change to arrive at existing and new objectives Overseeing is keeping up proficiently and adequately current authoritative courses of action. While overseeing admirably frequently shows authority aptitudes, the general capacity is toward upkeep instead of progress (Bush, 2008). To summarize, direction on change and casual force are unmistakable highlights of initiative the creators of the paper base their further examination on. Hypothetical ideas Nowadays there are a few speculations and models delivered by a great deal of studies, which investigate initiative from various sides, for example, individual characteristics and administration styles. The major hypothetical ideas can be summed up into 3 gatherings: attribute based models, situational/possibility models and useful initiative models. Quality based models The characteristic based hypothesis suggests that an individual must be a pioneer on the off chance that the person in question is brought into the world with a unique blessing, I. e. extraordinary attributes or characteristics without which a pioneer would not have the option to perform administrative capacities viably. The point was famous in the principal half of the twentieth century. The analysts attempted to discover connection between's inborn characteristics and authority standards, however the outcomes were conflicting and indistinct. Mann in 1959 focused his examination on seven character qualities: knowledge, modification, extraversion, strength, manliness, conservatism, and ensitivity (Zaccaro et al, 1991). Anyway the investigation made by Mann was not effective in light of the fact that he found that no attribute had a middle relationship higher than . 25 with initiative measures (Zaccaro et al, 1991). The more productive research was made by Digman in 1990, who found a constructive connection among's character and administration. Digman assessed the pioneer by the accompanying character parameters: neuroticism, extraversion, receptiveness to experience, suitability, and honesty (Colbert et al, 2012). Anyway this investigation despite everything didn't respond to certain inquiries concerning the connection among authority and character. Conduct models This models center around the manner in which pioneers act with subordinates. Contrasted with the past model, the accentuation was moved from the pioneers character to administration itself. The model was expounded by Blake and Mouton (1964) in The administrative framework, and was planned for improving relational adequacy and improvement of initiative aptitudes (Alvares et al. , 1976). The model suggests that a pioneers achievement is commonly founded on the worry for creation and the worry for individuals: the mix of the two highlights is the ideal procedure for authority achievement, hich makes subordinates progressively propelled with their undertakings; feel imperative to the organization; obviously comprehend the objectives; accomplish the significant level of execution. (Alvares et al. 1976) Situational/possibility models rather than characteristic based model, situational/possibility approaches assume that there is no perfect initiative style and that the best style relies upon the circumstance, representatives perspectives, states of work, and so on. Authority style may and ought to acclimate to changes in the circumstance and just that way it would be successfu l. At the end of the day, pioneer must be adaptable. This model incorporates the accompanying pproaches to administration. Three styles model Kurt Lewin (1890-1897) is advised to be the main analyst of his age (Burnes et al. 2013). Lewin presented the purported field hypothesis, which expresses that people conduct relies upon nature, field. He found that three styles win in administration conduct: majority rule, dictator and free enterprise style. Tyrant style is tied in with giving explicit assignments and giving representatives direct guidelines about how and when they should function, all choices are made by the pioneer himself. Vote based style infers that a pioneer coordinates the rocess less, fairly partaking in it, helping subordinates to take care of the issue and persuading them. Free enterprise administration is viewed as the most insufficient. The pith of this style is that a pioneer neither takes an interest in collaboration, nor empowers workers. Supporters are allowed to pick their own approaches and strategies, which should build their inventiveness. The consequences of his examinations show that fair gathering performs best, animating inventiveness from the individuals and decidedly influencing profitability. In any case, the gathering with dictator style is a piece metal beneficial, yet less imaginative and, what is significant, less subordinates are happy with their Job. Concerning free enterprise gathering, it isn't viable: for all intents and purposes no inventiveness, lackluster showing and little fulfillment are watched. Summing up Kurt Lewins discoveries we may assemble a table (App. 1) of three styles and its consequences for inspiration and execution 00b fulfillment is incorporated, however it is out of our investigation scope). Anyway Kurts hypothesis was condemned for too slender way to deal with initiative styles that overlook different shades among dictator and majority rule conduct. Initiative continuum model That is the reason Tannenbaum and Schmidt offered their Leadership continuum model. The creators focused on the issue of joining vote based and legitimate style exploiting the two methodologies. (Tannenbaum et al. , 1973) Tannenbaum and Schmidt presented the purported continuum of styles, where styles have various varieties from dictator to vote based, and can be utilized by an individual in various circumstances (App. 2). A significant benchmark is hovered with red shading: from here to the privilege a chief settles on choices simply in the wake of talking with the representatives. The creators additionally referenced that separated from picking a suitable eadership style it is critical that your representatives comprehend the standards of the game, I. e. the style youVe picked. Claiming to tune in to representatives conclusion while in certainty settling on choices on your own not just riches the connections between a business and their laborers however diminishes execution and inspiration. Fiedlers possibility model Fiedlers possibility model (1964) presumes that presentation of gatherings is dependent upon the communication of initiative styles and the positivity of the circumstance for the pioneer. Mitchell et al. , 1970) Fiedler suggests that pioneers can be ivided into two classifications task-situated and human-arranged. Viability of the two classifications of initiative relies upon the errand structure and the pioneers position power. For instance, task-arranged pioneers are increasingly powerful in either simple or troublesome (unstructured) circumstan ces. Human-arranged pioneers perform best in medium trouble circumstances. Way objective hypothesis The hypothesis was expounded by Georgopoulos et al. (1957) and House. The model gives specific consideration to the subordinates desires. House, 1971) It expresses that administration is capable of defining clear objectives, explaining ways for accomplishing oals, executing reward frameworks dependent on accomplishing better (Mulki et al. , 2009). House conceived 4 administration styles relying upon the kind of work, devotees qualities and their desires: mandate, strong, participative and accomplishment situated. 1) Directive style (in the event of unstructured, yet intriguing undertakings and unpracticed devotees) clear clarification and direction on what representatives ought to do. ) Supportive style (when errands are basic, bunch attachment is poor, however laborers are experienced) pioneer ought to improve the working climate and bolster the laborers. ) Participative style (unstr uctured and complex errands, experienced specialists) pioneer ought to counsel adherents and tune in to their suppositions. 4) Achievement-arranged style (Unstructured, complex errands, experienced specialists, who think they need capacity to achieve task) pioneer ought to propel and support devotees. Situational model The writers of the situational model (Hersey, Blanchard, 1969) assume that one ought to pick authority style simply after he/she evaluated the workers status to play out a particular assignment and adjust initiative styles to evolving condition. (Steward et al. 1991) Situational Leadership Theory centers around two angles: (1) capability and (2) certainty and duty. These two might be high or low (App. 3), and pioneer should make accentuation on either errand or relationship perspective relying upon the circumstance. Four edge model The last model in this gathering is Bolman and Deals four casing model. The specialists presented four casings which pioneers should focus on in various conditions.

Operation Management free essay sample

Official rundown Penang Mutiara Hotel is a renowned sumptuous inn in the South-East Asia. This report is in regards to finding about the activity work methodology of the Peanag Mutiara Hotel to make progress of system. The activity vital choice it assists with distinguishing what are the activity elements of Penang Mutiara lodging and what are the market necessity of the inn. Plus, it additionally utilizing the Hayes Wheelwright model to investigate what is the inn reasonable for. By utilizing the Hayes Wheelwright model, the model which bargain with four phases the phases which are the inside unbiased, remotely nonpartisan, inside steady, and the remotely strong. Besides, as per this case it likewise clarifying what is the activity commitment to accomplish by applying it to the senior supervisor. In the wake of portraying the activity commitment what to apply and it might clarify what are the five operational exhibition goals of it inn. Toward the finish of the case which is to finding the significance key commitment of activity exercises. 1. 0 Introduction The Penang Mutiara Hotel is one of the sumptuous inn in the South-East Asia which possessed by the Pernas-OUE of Malaysia and oversaw by the Singapore Mandarian International inn. Henceforth Penang Mutiara provides for its clients with the nature of administration and furthermore needs to give everything what it visitors needs and needs. 2. 0 Finding 2. 1 Question 1 For this situation, the client of the Penang Mutiara which might want to return back to the inn as a result of the inn serving the client or it visitors with high potential quality assistance. For instance, quick reaction to its client, a portion of the client which may demand something different that is significant from a staff and the staff of its inn immediately sifted through promptly, while this will carry advantages to it inn in light of the fact that the staff are doing thing quick. Close to keep guarantee to be of administration to the client, for instance the inn staff which would prepared the records when the visitors withdraw and this will impact the visitors anticipates a trustworthy help. Last, its vast majority staff is multi gifted representative. For instance to stay away from the aggravating postponements, when a visitors have been to the inn previously so the staff of its inn attempt to abstain from rehashing the data back to the client. Other than and furthermore the gathering staff would basically check climate if the client has remained previously, recover the data and straight take its client to their room. So as to accomplish the upper hand and fulfill the client needs the Penang Mutiara lodging by serving it client with flawless help. For instance, the lodgings staff must be affable at record-breaking and furthermore hold benevolent to its clients. Its lodging staff likewise have the information to respond to the client question when they inquired. In addition, to improve with fulfilling the client needs and needs, the head supervisor of its inn express that â€Å"our staff might never want to state no† to the client. Notwithstanding, the client had mentioned for some food that the inn café don’t have and the staff of t inn to ensure they can go to the general store and attempt to get it what the client of its lodging require. Thus this is additionally a critical to keep up the inspiration of the staff symptom. 2. 2 Question 2 (Hayes Wheelwright. , 1985) had depicted the four nonexclusive jobs of that assembling can play inside an organization from a key viewpoint. In stage one, inner nonpartisanship, this is something that are the most unfortunate degree of activity work commitment. In this stage, the activity commitment it additionally ailing in style and serious drives. The activity elements of this stage are internal looking and, best case scenario responsive. The vision of this stage is to be inside unbiased a position it endeavors to accomplish not by anything positive yet it is the best commitment to dodge serious mix-up. For instance in this phase which is to center the inside unbiased, which center with the every day issue of its inn resembles is the latrine sufficiently clean. At the point when comes to organize two, phase two is the remotely nonpartisan which is a phase that the activity work must be contrast itself and different contenders execution. While contrasting itself and the contenders execution which may likewise need to receiving the â€Å"best practice† that which may take the best thought and standards of execution from the contenders. By separating the best practice execution from the contenders, the Penang Mutiara Hotel is solid and steady for the market rivalry. For instance, the Peanang Mutiara lodging must form a staff preparing group which to offer all the more great support to the inn clients, subsequently as the vast majority of the contenders are likewise doing likewise. Stage three, inside strong. Base on this stage the inside steady which center around improving an association activity and to accomplish the top notch organizations in the market. At this stage, activity capacity of the inn staff it must expected to help the inn administration to perform superior to the rivals in certain recognitions. Plus, the activity capacity of this stage is to require to accomplishing a standout amongst other lodging in the contenders showcase itself. Consequently by this judgment, an unmistakable view should brought by the tasks, which the lodging staff administration build up a superb activity assets, lastly it will exceeds expectations in advertise. For instance, the nature of the lodging administration is superior to other rival in the market, so the staff of it inn it will perform superior to the remainder of contender. The last stage remotely steady which is to sees the activity work as giving one of bases to its serious achievement. In this stage the activity which are imaginative and proactive, prone to arrange its assets in manners which are fit for adaption and inventive as business sectors change. Last, in this stage it is additionally a drawn out driver of technique which the activity are not just building up a fitting assets and furthermore actualizing the serious system. In the interim for the Penang Mutiara Hotel, the inn itself additionally can give some occasion which can let the visitors of the inn to partake, and the victor can get some offer, etc. In addition, it additionally can give more offices which may have the option to increase the value of its visitors. 2. 3 Question 3 According to the contextual analysis of Penang Mutiara Hotel, the General Manager of the inn Wernie Eison it must be reliable to ensure that contends with different contenders. Right off the bat, extend the business in other spot to acquire piece of the overall industry and to contend with other solid rivals in the South-East Asia. Other than that, the supervisor which should likewise differentiating its administration to satisfy the requests of clients, for instance, for example, offering the client with distinction occasion venturing out bundle and furthermore to broadening sorts of food. Last, the administrator likewise can shape a participation card to acquire reliability client which to be can offer progressively uncommon assistance and great costs. Be suitable, for the Penang Mutiara Hotel to get more achievement it needs to utilizing a fitting technique to upgrade the consumer loyalty, for instance offer high class quality, standard inn administrations and an agreeable situation for the clients. Then, the administrator of the Penang Mutiara Hotel must be imaginative. By having development the inn it may satisfy its consumer loyalty, for instance, the inn of its advancement must be creative, for example, certain period have certain exceptional costs which to pull in the client. The administrator of its inn additionally needs to build up an activity which to drives long haul capacities to the inn. For instance, by updating the innovation, for example, accessible free Wi-Fi web access in the inn corridor, giving traffic map at the gathering counter, advancement data at the web site, and the lodging quality assistance. Last, the inn it staff need to improve their quality assistance, for example, unknown dialect, while improving in this circumstance it may be discuss well with the client toward the end it carry long haul of abilities to the lodging. 2. 4 Question 4 Slack et al. (2007) clarify that five tasks execution destinations which can permit the association to gauge its activity execution by utilizing the five fundamental exhibition which are the quality, speed, reliability, adaptability, and cost. Quality it implies â€Å"do thing right†. Doing thing right it might give out or giving mistake products and enterprises to fulfill the client. As per the contextual investigation of Penang Mutiara Hotel, the lodging wishes to give the best help by delivering perfect support of the client. The staff of it inn are polite, useful and amicable enough to the client. Other than that the inn of if staffs it has the nature of information to answer the client on the off chance that anything mentioned or be inquired. Other than that, for the Penang Mutiara Hotel, the equipment of the entire structure which to help the inn air to let the client look extravagant of it, and furthermore utilizing the top class solid material to make the correct impression and condition as well. Speed it mean â€Å"do something fast†. While accomplishing something quick it may limit the time which to give advantage the client. For the Penang Mutiara Hotel, the time between the client mentioning are not permit to let them stand by excessively long rather than the staff reaction it as quickly and this is considered as speed includes adaptability. Other than that, the inn additionally limiting when the client call room administration to demand a feast as opposed to going out café to eat. Last, speed includes reliability, the inn it staff which may give the most recent data quick conveying for the new client entrance and furthermore the accessible room data. Steadfastness In this stage execution, reliability which it

Do You Have Ideas For Saturday Morning Cartoon Essay Topics?

Do You Have Ideas For Saturday Morning Cartoon Essay Topics?Do you have any Saturday morning cartoon essay topics that you like to write about? I know what it is like, reading the classics and finding your inner child inside you and watching your favorite cartoons. The classics are always a great place to start and they really do show us where we came from and can also help us understand the things we see and feel in our lives now.So if you haven't yet thought of some of these Saturday morning cartoon essay topics for your projects, here are a few you can use. First we have 'Bugs Bunny's Rainbow Connection' which was written by Carl Barks and we will talk about this in a second. You can also use this one to help you learn about your values.'Animal House' has some classic cartoons that are very interesting and might be able to help you relate your experiences with your current life. Then there is the 'Rocky Horror Picture Show' which was written by Richard O'Brien and is a great intro for introverts and another good one to use is 'Hair' which is a great one to watch. This is just the start though, there are many others.Now that you have seen the classics, you can find a lot of other cartoons that can be used as cartoons for your Saturday morning cartoon essay topics. 'Beetlejuice' is a classic, so is 'The Powerpuff Girls' which is another classic. There are other ones that have been adapted into a cartoon, so look around and see what else you can come up with. There are more classics out there and even some new ones that are being made every year so find a classic and see what it has to say about you.These classic cartoons may not mean anything now, but they still have an influence on us. Especially when it comes to how we interact with others, we are more likely to become the way we do because of the way we were raised. They gave us lessons that we took to heart and gave us a way to express ourselves and think for ourselves.Children tend to think about these th ings when they are adults, so they are our childhood experiences too. It is a way to learn how to deal with our problems and how to handle situations and teach us a lesson or two about how we should behave. It also helps us figure out who we are and what we want out of life.When it comes to this whole way of thinking, we have taught ourselves through our cartoons and from watching and re-watching them as a child. We take their lessons to heart and take them with us in adulthood. It is this process that has allowed us to realize who we are and to who we want to be.So if you are stuck on the idea of how to begin your Saturday morning cartoon essay topics, there are plenty of ways to go about it. These cartoons have been around forever and are certainly not going anywhere. Get out and see what is out there and make yourself a great memory by writing your own.

5 Tips to Compose an Effective Deductive Essay

5 Tips to Compose an Effective Deductive Essay Many students get terrified when learning that they are to perform a deductive essay. Different thoughts come across their minds. They get anxious about such complex terms as deductive reasoning, deductive thinking, and similar definitions. In fact, there is nothing complicated about deductive reasoning process. The main point is to write enough data on the studied topic to clarify your main idea. While writing a deductive essay, you should base your strategy on a specific concept. You are expected to introduce a set of topic-related clues, premises and/or circumstances. These guidelines should develop a situation and come up with a clear and logical assumption. In other words, your major objective is to provide a solution giving specified information in enough amounts. A writer is supposed to make a thorough research of the assigned or chosen topic. Weighing all advantages and disadvantages, it’s needed to draw a reasonable conclusion. Accordingly, the data you’re going to use in this specific piece of writing is utterly important. It must be relevant and convincing. Setting Tone First, you should take into account the tone of your writing. It must be factual and objective. This is a compulsory obligation. Introduce facts and try to be objective. Be honest in your judgments and avoid the subjective point of view. Choosing Your Topic The selection of a topic is of great importance. You ought to be careful. First of all, you should avoid topics that can evoke an overly emotional response. Writing on such themes, you will hardly manage to remain objective. Secondly, your topic is supposed to be relevant and interesting to your readers. Therefore, pick up a non-emotional and significant topic. For instance, you may choose: Online Education. Pros and cons. Democracy vs. Communism. Cultural differences and similarities in your country. Writing Premise The initial part of this essay type is the premise. This technique is very effective because it makes your topic more attractive. An author uses it to craft the conclusion. You may use several premises. Giving some hints on what will be discussed in your research, will ignite the interest in potential readers. Mind that your introduction should clearly explain your main purpose and the problem you are going to disclose. Provide the background of the issue. Study your main question and background carefully. This essay type is based on the facts. Introducing the Evidence The evidence is undeniably vital for such academic paper as a deductive essay. After you write the thesis statement, you should develop your main argument supporting it with examples and proven facts. Supporting paragraphs contain detailed explanations of your main purpose. Each paragraph should have a sub-topic to guide the readers throughout the entire work. The evidence given in all paragraphs must be relevant and official. Therefore, verify all the data you use to state your claims. Don’t forget that you cannot be subjective. You ought to exclude any personal experiences of your own or others. Concluding The conclusion is the defining chapter of your research. It draws the logical line for the premise, evidence, and the final words. It should be brief and straight to the point. It gives readers the balance. You are to restate your opinion. Mind that it should not be obligatorily the dead point. Your conclusion may look forward the future and express the idea for further researches that you wish to undertake. Neither should it be obligatorily positive. It’s not compulsory to write in a positive tone. The objective judgments may reveal negative outcomes of the researched issue. Some Important Details You should never forget definite features of deductive essays; no matter what topic is assigned. First, you have no right to lessen focus. Your research should have a sharp focus on what you explain. If you fail this demand, your readers will lose your point, and your work will be written in vain. Secondly, it is supposed to be clear. Clarity means a lot. Otherwise, your readers won’t understand what you mean. You’ll need plainly structured paragraphs with the organized thoughts. Every section should be logically connected with the previous one. Provide strong support and an effective conclusion. If you need professional assistance from academic experts, visit our service and order a custom deductive essay online, on any topic you need.

Authority Kent as a Model of Loyalty in King Lear - Literature Essay Samples

King Lear, as both head of state and paterfamilias, has multiple claims to power, and to obedience. His spectacle of dividing the kingdom between his daughters confuses their obligations to him as subjects with their filial obligations, duties which are not necessarily equivalent. Cordelia cannot play both roles at once; she favors her role as daughter over her duty to her father as a subject in his kingdom. The duty that Lear expects can only be acquitted by speaking. Cordelia damns herself by being unable to speak what is expected. Kent, an alternate model of loyalty in the play, incurs Lears wrath by speaking too plainly. Kents loyalty which distinguishes itself from obedience demonstrates the suspicious attitude the play has of speech. He departs from the forms of affection that attempt to measure loyalty in terms of simple, spoken complaisance. A corollary of Kents distrust of rhetoric seems to be his attention to physical presence, his dependence on optical proof. T his model of knowledge allows Kent to seem nearly prescient in recognizing the deception of Lears elder daughters. It also contributes to an important part of his service to the King; looking past the words, spoken in madness, by Lear, he can tend to his Lears body, like a doctor. Kent subjection is dramatized, he did [Lear] service/ Improper for a slave (5.3.219-20), but this service is not servility. Kents loyalty to Lear is not founded on the hierarchical implications of the feudal state, but rather persists because Kent measures an equivalence between his body and his Kings.Kents model of loyalty is a foil to Cordelias; similar in kind, but more difficult to explain because it is not blood-based. Kents manner of sustaining his allegiance to the King is a neat paradox. It is enacted as a pantomime a subversive act of disobedience. Only by giving up his name and identity, thus any pre-existing expectations or debts, can he fulfill his duty to Lear. Thus, when Kent, in disg uise as Caius, he must raze his identity. Kent takes special care to modify his language: If but as well I other accents borrow,/ That can my speech defuse, my good intent/ May carry (1.4.1-3). One of the attributes he assigns himself is that he can deliver a plain message bluntly (1.4.30). This care to modify language is intimated in Edgars relation to his father, which parallels Kents pantomime to Lear: as Tom OBedlam, he can offer solace, but he must take care to cut his language from coarser cloth. The location of truth in rough language reflects the puzzle of the sense found in Lears rants O, matter and impertinency mixed!/ Reason in madness! Edgar exclaims, hearing the former king speak (4.6.168-9). In giving up his claims to nobility, however, Kent emphasizes his masculinity. Femininity, throughout King Lear, is linked to treason, madness, and inconstancy. Cordelia is the exception that proves the rule: hearing of her fathers condition, she is moved, but not to a r age(4.3.15). She is primarily reasonable. Kents insistence on his manhood, over any refinement, is a benchmark of his steadiness. When Lear asks him to identify himself, he is simply, A man, sir (1.4.10) and That which/ Ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in (1.4.30-1). The values that he attributes to himself are the stoic opposite of the effusive, effeminate language and action of the courtiers. He is an aggressive, soldierly fellow. He, thus, cannot help but assault the foppish Oswald: Having more man than wit about me, [I] drew [my sword] (2.4.41). Wit, mental lability, would permit him to countenance insubordination, under the guise of diplomacy. It is important to note that Kent is not naturally impetuous, like Hotspur, but can also assume the courtiers role, different modes of address. His allegiance is not to courtly forms, however, but to the overall good of the state, that is, the King. In the first scene of the drama Kent addresses the king, Good my liege - (1.1.120) but before he can begin, is interrupted by Lears rash oath of resolution to reward the kingship to Albany and Cornwall. Kent, resuming his address to the king, speaks in the same sort of language that Lear seems to want, the language of obligation and deference: Royal Lear,/ Whom I have ever honored as my king,/ Loved as my father, as my master followed,/ As my great patron thought on in my prayers - (1.1.139-142). King, father, master, patron note that each title contains its own independent set of demands and obligations.At this point Lear interrupts him: The bow is bent and drawn, make from the shaft (1.1.143). Lear urges Kent to get to the point; he expresses impatience with the same language, the same deferential mode of address he demanded from his daughters. This dismissive gesture is worth noting it proves that Lear is not merely a fool for pretty language, but relishes the power he has to demand it. Kents words also prefigure his later address to Cornwal l, which is a parody of courtiers language (2.2.97-99). Kent is Lears subject a position that we will learn to regard with suspicion throughout the play, where being a servant, being in agreement, is treacherous. It is a nice paradox when obeisance seems most complete, it is most unlikely. It is almost as though the severance of political allegiance as with the severance of Cordelias filial obligations is necessary to elicit a demonstration of true loyalty. Thus even Kents honorific figures of address, however earnest, will do nothing to mediate the content of the message, and thus are extraneous. Kent notices this, and he seizes upon the language of the arrow and target that Lear introduces. Let it [the arrowhead] fall, though the fork invade/ The region of my heart (1.1.144-5), he implores, and later, Let me still remain/ The true blank of thine eye (1.1.158-9). This language is apposite. Kent, whose life is staked on the king, finds this martial metaphor suitable to the sacrifice to truth and for Lear that he must undergo. It is almost as if, certain that he cannot assuage Lears wrath, he must deflect it. Lears utterance in (1.1.143) could also reflect that, just as an arrow, about to be fired, will inevitably be unleashed upon its course with hideous rashness (1.1.151), so he cannot reverse the judgement on Cordelia he has already given. Kent picks up this sense thus his entreaties, which he must suspect shall be bootless. In his attempted deflection, his attempt at reversal, he dramatizes the untender fault of Cordelia: Be Kent unmannerly,/ When Lear is mad (1.1.146). Kent means that Lears foolish actions demand a rude chastisement, uncloaked by courtly circumlocutions. But in the parallel that Kent draws between his stance and Lears behavior, Kent presages what will be a clear result: Lears madness. This madness, which has something hysterical, unmanly about it, demands the unmannerliness which in its aural similarity to unmanliness clearly references emasculation of Kent to counter its effects. In the close relation between manner and manhood, Kent must take the strictest measures in his treatment of Lear. Lears madness shall eventually render him powerless; his rashness is the motive of his elder daughters for seizure of the state. Consequently, as Lear is the source of their authority, his dethroning strips his retainers of their proprietary power. Thus, Kent addresses Lear according to his new state, according to how his unfaithful daughters and sons will see him, What wilt thou do, old man? (1.1.146). He is an equal, a mortal, but in this admission, there is the possibility of tenderness. Perhaps the most apposite description Kents bond with Lear is the one that springs from this new equivalence of state: the relationship between physician and patient. This is a complicated relationship. Though the physician is in the employ of the patient, the patient must obey the physician. Kill thy physicia n, and the fee bestow/ Upon thy foul disease (1.1.164-5). But there is more to this metaphor than the shifting base of power it implies. Kent also seems to acquire many of the methods and attributes of a physician in his treatment of Lear. Kent emphasizes physical fact as the root of truth, in much the same way that a doctor relies on empirical data to draw diagnoses. I do profess to be no less than I seem (1.4.12). Likewise, the reason he gives for wanting to join Lears retinue is visual: You have that in your countenance which I/ would fain call masterŠAuthority (1.4.24-5, 27). Authority, then, is something intrinsic, something that cannot be obliterated by removal of title. Following this principle, Oswalds offense can be described: His countenance likes me not (2.2.82). There is something intrinsic to Oswalds aspect that is disagreeable to Kent. It is in the mutability of it, (2.2.64-77), that its ability change, with every gale and vary of their masters,/ Knowing nought, like dogs, but following (2.2.71-71). His blind obedience has no stable ground, no determinable characteristics. Remember also that Kent becomes a member of Lears retinue. Lears men are an extension of himself, as they are the only remnant of his authority that he has retained. However, as such, they are purely vestigial, and become a source of weakness, in the possibility of their removal. When Goneril and Regan start curtailing his retinue they are not only doing away with a creature comfort but also, in a truly malicious sense, chopping at his own body. It is a physical trespass to curtail his retinue and limiting it thrusts him literally into the cold. Kent identifies himself with this bodily extension of the King. When he comes to Lear in disguise, he claims he is as poor as the king (1.4.17). His state is directly dependent upon that of the king, his authority derives directly from it. So, any act taken against Kent becomes one against Lear. In protest ing being put in stocks by Cornwall, I serve the king;ŠYou shallŠshow too bold malice/ Against the grace and person of my master,/ Stocking his messenger (2.2.120-4). This is a clear violation to Lear it is almost beyond belief (2.4.14-21). But it is the confirmation of Regan, as well as Gonerils betrayal. He has almost succeeded in convincing himself that Regan and Cornwall are indeed indisposed, when he lays his eyes on Kent in the stocks. This act persuades me/ That this remonition of the duke and her/ Is practice only (2.4.107-9). Kent, exquisitely aware of the continuity of his self with the kings, pays an exceptional amount of care to Lears bodily comforts. When Kent initially identified himself as a physician, he meant, metaphorically, a physician to the health of the state. However, Lears body is coterminal with the state, in the sense that the King is the embodiment of the state. Kents solicitousness for the Kings body is also a representation and literali zation of the oath he has made to give his life for the king. Like Cordelia, Kent constitutes his obligation to Lear as fundamental to his being, inseparable from his life.Kent, unable to address the injustice done to the Kings unsettled mind, tends to its outward correspondence, the kings health. Kent, wise to rhetoric, can see through the deception behind Lears office: They told me I was everything. Tis a lie, I am not/ Ague-proof (4.6.102-3). Flattery, the prize of power, cannot shield the body from mortal facts. Throughout 3.4 he directs Lear to shelter, to warmth, tries to create comfort for him in exile. Lear makes a speech directed towards the great gods, as though any imprecation to them can stop the rain from falling (3.2.47-58). Kents response? Alack, bare-headed? (3.2.58) and tries to shield him from the storm. Will you lie down and rest upon the cushions? (3.6.30). He is tender. His care is directed towards the age of the body of the king; his attention is ne arly parental towards the child-changed king. This tenderness is perhaps influenced by his recognition that: Nothing almost sees miracles/ But misery (2.2.157-8). Otherwise, there would be the threat of falling into the same sort of despair as Lear. In the same way that Kent puts his body at the kings disposal, so he puts his heart. Wilt break my heart? the king says, almost apropos of nothing, entering shelter. I had rather break mine own (3.4.5-6), Kent responds. The cruel limitation here is, of course, that Kent cannot transfer his body, or his relative youth, to the king. The kings fear of death, his resistance to mortality, cannot be assuaged by others putting their bodies at his disposal. He is physically affected by Lears tragedy: his grief grew puissant, and the strings of life/ Began to crack (5.3.215-6) as he retells, and relives, the story. Later, at Lears death, break, heart; I prithee, break! (5.3.311) he cries to himself, but death is not responsive to human f iats. Finally, the only avenue left to Kent is to guard Lears passing ghost, an insubstantial role: Vex not his ghost. O, let him pass! He hates him much/ that would upon the rack of this tough world/ stretch him longer. (5.3.312-4). Lears madness repeats the effects of its cause it prevents him from discriminating between friend and foe. Lears acknowlegement of Kent at the end is one in madness. [Lear] knows not what he says (5.3.293) and cannot give thanks, or express gratitude. That would be unnecessary, though. Duty is precisely the thing that cannot be conveyed in terms of reciprocal value. It is non-fungible. To try to transfer it to other terms transforms it into something different a mere exchange, economic. Thus, when Cordelia thanks Kent for his service to her father, he assures her that he shall be given exactly the amount of thanks that he needs that the deed itself fulfills its own cost. To be acknowledged, madam, is oerpaid./ All my reports go with the mod est truth;/ No more clipped, but so. (4.7.4-6). Acknowledgement would create a debt, and that image of perpetual repayment, of perpetually being in debt, is contrary to both filial duty, and to the duty in humanity that Kent exercises towards Lear. Perhaps this is an explanation for Kents enigmatic refusal of the throne at the end. His parting words speak of obedience: I have a journey, sir, shortly to go;/ My master calls me, I must not say no (5.3.320-1). Who his master is here is unclear. Most likely, Kent means that he shall even follow Lear into death, that his journey is to the next life. However, the double negative, I must not say no, reflects the manner of his compliance throughout the play it is not a mere assent, but allows for modification. Thus it could mean a less morbid continuation of service, a tending to the exigencies of mortal life, a way of life not available to those in the position of ultimate power.

What Are The Challenges Posed To Financial Stability Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4088 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Critically discuss the issues at stake with reference to actual case studies stressing their similarities and differences in the recent Bear and Sterns and Lehman case, the law and any policy guidelines available Introduction Over the past decade international financial conglomerates have become an increasingly important feature of the financial landscape. Universal banking countries have long integrated the securities business with traditional commercial banking, but over the last decade most regulatory obstacles to combining banking and the securities business have fallen in Japan and the United States as well. More broadly financial liberalization has removed most statutory barriers that once prevented banking, securities and insurance firms from operating within the same financial conglomerate  [1]  (Joint Forum, 2001, p.69). Increasingly these combinations have included banking and insurance operations. Allianz in Germany, ING and Fortis in the Netherlands, Credit Suisse in Switzerland, and Citigroup in the US have all made important cross-sector acquisitions in recent years to combine banking and insurance activities  [2]  . Indeed, virtually all of the lar ge, international financial institutions are to some extent financial conglomerates combining at least two of the three formerly distinct functions of banks, securities firms or insurance companies. In this paper we shall focus on international financial conglomerates that combine banking with financial activity in at least one other sector In recent years, the subject of financial stability has been a cause of extensive debate for policy makers and the indeed the world at large. One of the main reasons for this spur was the East Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. Following that turmoil, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) introduced the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in 1999, aimed at assessing regularly the strengths and weaknesses of financial systems in their member countries.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Despite this increased focus on financial stability issues, it is notable that a widely accepted definition of financial sta bility does not exist and the concept has generated a considerable amount of debate among academics, market participants and policy makers  [3]  .    Crocket defines1 financial stability as requiring that the key institutions in the financial system are stable, in that there is a high degree of confidence that they continue to meet their contractual obligations without interruption or outside assistance; and that the key markets are stable, in that participants can confidently transact in them at prices that reflect the fundamental forces and do not vary substantially over short periods when there have been no changes in the fundamentals  [4]  . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Are The Challenges Posed To Financial Stability Finance Essay" essay for you Create order BODY In the dealings of market economies firms go bankrupt incessantly. The procedure of bankruptcy is dealt with speedily by bankruptcy courts, which follows that there is little or no attention given except where there are outrageous claims. So the question that beckons is: what makes the bankruptcy if financial firms different? The common reply to this question by economists is that the collapse of a financial firm or conglomerate poses risks to the financial stability of an economy. A collapse of such an institution can often lurk a contagion risk, giving that manner with which banks operate. The implicit effect of this is that other banks that might not necessarily have a direct relationship with the collapsing company might be affected.  [5] This follows through to the issue of payments systems. There is a very likely chance that investments failures can affect payment systems through contagions. There is the possibility of narrow banking where all cash checking accounts i s either explicitly on hand or backed by investment in completely safe easy-to-liquidate Treasury bills. And all other savings and investments are at risk and not eligible for government assistance in a narrow banking system.  [6] There is however a second possibility, currently in use, is a marriage between the payments system and investment regulated and guaranteed by the federal government through the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). In theory government monitoring allows banks to operate until their net worth is near zero. They then are taken over by the FDIC but no payments-system contag`1ion occurs. The advantage of the current system is that total investment can increase because all the money in checking accounts is invested rather than just sitting in the vault or in Treasury bills. The disadvantage is that customers no longer pay attention to what banks do with their money and assume that bank regulators and the FDIC figure everything out and prevent syste mic risk.  [7] With regards to banks like Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns, some economists argue that because investment banks are not explicitly involved in the payments system their bankruptcy is no different from that of Enron or your local hardware store. There is no possibility of contagion and the government should not become involved. On the other hand others argue that the investment banks are integrally involved with each other through over-the-counter markets in financial derivatives, which are essentially insurance contracts tied to interest rates, currency exchange rates, and credit defaults. This is the investment bank equivalent of the checking account relationships between commercial banks. The central role Bear Stearns played in the over-the-counter derivative market is invoked by some economists as necessitating the federal guarantee of assets to facilitate the takeover of Bear Stearns by JP Morgan rather than bankruptcy.  [8]  This argument prompts the thought of the too big to fail syndrome. Why can banks not be allowed to fail when they have taken wrong steps? Why were some banks like American International Group (AIG), Bear and Stearns, Northern Rock bailed out while a similar bank like Lehman Brothers allowed to fail? Why was Lehman treated differently by the fed (Federal Reserve Bank)? Are some banks really too big to fail? The fed took a treacherous risk and establish a fallacious pattern in March when it concocted the takeover of Bear and Stearns by JPMorgan Chase and pledged $29 billion in potential losses. The argument to justify this act by the fed and chief Ben Bernanke (chairman of the federal reserve) is that Bear and Stearns was just too big to fail and the consequence of allowing it to so would have been nothing short of a calamity on the economy of the United States (US), tax payers and indeed the world.  [9] It follows that if Bear was too big to fail and deserved a bail out, why then was Lehman which was the forth largest bank, a big player in backed securities and mortgages in comparison to Bear which was the fifth allowed to fail. The writer goes further by refuting support for the big bank that have made reckless decisions therefore should be allowed to enjoy the consequences. More so, the US runs a free market economy where companies should be allowed to fail.  [10] . By all standards, AIG qualified as a Too big to fail candidate. What made Fed and Treasury officials apprehensive was not simply the prospect of another giant bankruptcy on Wall Street, but AIGs role as an extensive provider of esoteric financial insurance contracts to investors who wanted to hedge potential losses on complex debt securities they bought. The problem insurance contracts take the form of credit-default swaps (CDS), which effectively required AIG to cover losses suffered by the buyers in the event of counterparty default. AIG was potentially liable for billions of dollars of risky securities that were considered safe in normal time. An AIG collapse would cause it to default on all of its insurance claims. Institutional investors around the world would instantly be forced to reappraise the value of securities insured by AIG against counterparty losses. This would require them to increase their capital to maintain their credit ratings. Small investors, including anyone who owned money market funds or pension funds that hold AIG issued securities, could suffer losses. On the day before the AIG bailout became news after market closing, the New York money market firm Reserve Primary Fund, with $62 billion under management, announced that it broke the buck, meaning that its net asset fell below the standard $1 per share, a development all mutual funds normally would do everything to avoid. During a day of emergency meetings at the New York Fed, the Treasury and Fed reversed initial reluctance to bail out another financial institution. Though unspoken, the underlying conclusion was that this was not a takeover, not a bail out. If anyone is being bailed out, it is the central bank, which is desperately trying to create a fire break to prevent a global capital market collapse that it may not have enough financial resources on its balance sheet to support. The Treasury had to announce that it is issuing $40 billion of 45-day Treasu ry Bills to help buttress the Feds balance sheet. More will be issued as needed by the Fed. There are signs that the governments fire fighting measures are less than effective. Market sentiment suggests that more financial firms can be expected to fail before the crisis crests. Mark-to-market requirements for valuing structured finance instruments and portfolios that are structured to appear safe in long-term probability models reduce the prospect of disaster to a very short fuse. A hedge that would be considered safe over a period of a year can suddenly be reduced to a position of high risk in a matter of days or even hours by market volatility. In such a market environment, the Fed, rather than its traditional role of market stabilizer over the long term, is often reduced to an emergency fire fighter in raging forest fires in a financial landscape infested with elements that practice arson for profit. David Wessel  [11]  defends the too big to fail, saying ther e are financial institutions that are too big to fail and they cannot be allowed to fail because the country fall in trouble. George Sholts (former Treasury Secretary) says that if they are too big to fail, they are too big  [12]  . The current thinking of the fed and treasury is that we are stuck with this situation because it not feasibly possible or indeed logical to make these organisations shrink to prevent them from putting the economy at risk. And forcing banks to resize would be putting the economy at a disadvantage because the global organisations do need big banks, having small banks in the US and big ones in other countries would not benefit the US economy. Wessel reiterated the fact that there are bank that are too big to fail but they should be regulated to reduce risk. The regulation should however not categorise some bank as being too big and some others not because this will cause big companies to be $2 shy of being too big to fail thereby defeating the purpos e of the regulation. The regulation should be done by means of taxation that is taxing on size, so they hold more capital thus more durable to shock.  [13]  Being too encourages recklessness by bank as they would believe that government would bail them out therefore take reckless risks. A too big to fail company is a company that the government is afraid to let fail because of the economic consequence to the people outside the institution.  [14] The financial crisis showed the world the extent of power the fed has in relation to liquid cash and the sort. The president of the US does not have the ammunition to fight a financial crisis, he only spends money allocated to him by the congress (the congress is not very reliable with rapid response due to its structure). The only system that can possible provide an enormous amount of cash rapidly at short notice is the fed and that essentially what they did. When AIG asked for help with regards a bailout, they were quick to see th at Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sax would be next to fall if they did not do anything to help. Wessel also brought up an argument against Ben Bernanke and the fed on reasons AIG, Bear and Stearns could be bailed out but Lehman could not. Bernanke claimed not to have had the legal authority to safe Lehman. This begs the questions that why was the law stretched to save one but not the other? Wessel also believes that Bernanke made a lot of wrong decision, Bernanke like Roosevelt did what they thought was right in the situation they found their selves, Some of they were trial and error, which numerous people suffered the consequences and might suffer more in the future. However there are some decisions that did work, which is evident in the very slow revival of the economy. We see an unemployment rate of 10% as opposed to 20 or 25%, which is considered progress.  [15] In their book 13 Bankers  [16]  , Simon and James, discussed extensively about the financial crisis, its caus es, too big to fail and so on. They say in Obamas attempt to resolve a financial crisis he puts in place a reform which they think is rather weak and does not tackle the too big to fail problem. However they Simon and James are in support of the fact that there should be new consumer agency vis-a-vie financial products. However the problem of banks being so big that their collapse creates an economic pandemonium such that they force the fed to rescue them, this problem is not solved. Simon further suggests that if banks are too big to fail, they are too big to exist. No bank or financial institution should exist if its collapse can cause economic disruption. Any such bank should simply be made smaller, which has no economic detriment to the economy. This implies that if an economy allows for financial aristocracy, there would be adverse consequences. Financial concentration will bring collapse as seen through Andrew Jackson in the 1830s, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt (end of 19th century), Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1920s boom and burst)  [17]  . If Obama does not the big banks, the future holds another great crisis. This is not to say that there would not be bumps in the financial system but the existence of these banks at that size is more detrimental to the economy. If these underlying core financial, political and economic issues that brought the country into the present financial crisis are not dealt with, the next financial meltdown is not far off. Challenge  The financial systems in developing economies however, have remained resilient to the financial woes in the US because business has still been done in the tradition way where individuals or companies need to have a good track record to be given credit or loans in these countries as a result the risk levels are very minimal. However, the impact would be felt in the real economy as a result of reduced demand for imports. This is likely to affect international market prices of such products. Banks in the developing economies will likely see their credit lines from foreign banks squeezed and the increasing financial flows that these economies have been experiencing are going to dry up. Dr Huang pointed towards the observed asymmetry in the speed of replacing positions after termination with Lehman and argued that this asymmetry caused the dislocations in the swap and repo markets. Dr. Huang noted that the market turmoil was avoidable, as there had been precedence for succes sful regulator intervention. The New York Federal Reserve could have minimized systemic risk by transferring Lehmans matched books to another derivatives dealer as had occurred when Dresdner Bank and Refco Inc failed. Impact on Swap Markets In an interest rate swap (IRS), two counterparties exchange a fixed interest rate for a floating interest rate at regular time intervals. The floating rate is usually set to be equal to a short-term benchmark rate, like the USD LIBOR rate, while the fixed rate is set when the swap is initiated and reflects the market expectation of the level of the floating rate throughout the life of the swap. By convention, an IRS receiver is the counterparty that receives fixed and pays floating, and the IRS payer is the counterparty that pays fixed and receives floating. While the Federal Reserve did not immediately cut the target Fed Funds rate after the collapse of Lehman, cutting this rate was widely anticipated as a necessary measure to ensure liquidity in the markets. Counterparties to Lehman who were IRS receivers rushed to replace their long duration positions in the markets immediately, since such positions would likely increase in value, receiving the same fixed rate for an anticipa ted lower floating rate. The increase in value could then be used to hedge losses from other short duration positions in their portfolio. However, the converse was true for counterparties who were IRS payers. Due to bankruptcy regulations, the payers had already closed their positions with Lehman at a single closing price, regardless of the contract size. Since the short duration positions that IRS payers owned were probably used to hedge their long duration exposures, and long duration exposures were likely to rise in value, there was no incentive for the IRS payers to replace their loss-making hedges immediately. Under the Expectations Theory of interest rates, forward interest rates are what the market expects future interest rates to be. However, a few weeks after Lehman filed for bankruptcy on September 15, 2008, the long end of the term structure of the USD interest rates fell sharply. Between September 15, 2008 and October 17, 2008, the 30-year end of the two- week USD forward curve fell by about 30 basis points. While the rates at 30-years could be distorted by market expectations of future economic conditions, such as long-term inflation rates, Dr. Huang believed it was unreasonable for the markets to have such strong opinions on interest rates movement 20 to 30 years into the future that could affect 30-year forward rates so strongly. The more plausible reason for the drop in 30-year rates was the massive influx of IRS receivers looking to immediately replace their terminated Lehman swap positions, and the shortfall of IRS payers who were willing to wait to replace their loss-making swap positions. Since swaps are usually long-dated contracts, the demand and supply imbalance depressed the longer maturity end of the term structure. To illustrate the demand and supply imbalances, Dr. Huang utilized a quantitative model to generate an estimation of the fair value for the 30 year rates based on a linear combination of interest rate s at four other standard maturities. The swap rate from the model is then compared to the 30 year USD swap rates. Since the market and model rates are supposed to track the value of each other over time, if the market rate is greater than the model rates, market participants would profit from entering an IRS as a receiver. The converse is true when the market rate is lower than the model rate. The results implied by the quantitative model are consistent with stylized facts, with market rates above model rates during periods of distress, such as the Russian default, with government cutting interest rates to prevent recession and market rates below model rates during times of stability, like before the Dotcom crash, with governments increasing interest rates to curb inflation. However, in contrast to previous crises, the market swap rates were below model rates in the case of Lehmans collapse. This means that interest rates were too low relative to the model predict ions due to IRS receivers rushing into the market to replace their long duration positions. The dislocation in the fixed income market was not limited to the U.S. Europe also experienced low 30-year EUR swap rates relative to the model, as defined benefits pension funds replaced their long dated receiver IRS in the market to hedge their liabilities. On the other hand, parties on the other side of the matched book, such as the economies with lower credit ratings including Greece and Italy, other banks and hedge funds postponed the issuance of new debt. Impact on Repo Markets In a repo, a borrower sells a security to a lender for cash and agrees to buy back the same security from the lender at a fixed price at a later date. This is essentially a collateralized loan. However, when Lehman filed for bankruptcy, all repos transacted through Lehman were terminated, and the lenders were left with the borrowers assets while the borrowers were left with cash. If the borrower posted collateral consisting of an asset that is desirable in distress environments, they would likely try to replace the asset from the market immediately. If the asset that was posted as collateral would not perform well in a distressed environment, the borrower can choose not to replace their exposures and simply keep the cash that was borrowed. However, the lender in a repo is probably looking to generate some short-term interest and is not likely to have the expertise or an economic interest in managing the asset for the long-term. Hence, the lender will likely sell any collate ral it owns from the termination of the repo to replace its cash position. As a result, the supply of all collateral assets would increase, but there would only be a flight to quality to the desirable assets. According to Dr. Huang, the above phenomena would be observable via the price of the undesirable assets falling relative to the price of the desirable asset. During periods of distress, both interest rates and the inflation rate are likely to fall. Hence, inflation-linked bonds are likely to be undesirable assets while fixed interest bond are likely be desirable. An inflation-linked bond can be converted into a synthetic nominal bond by shorting inflation rates using inflation-linked swaps. This synthetic yield should not have a significant spread over the nominal yield of a similar nominal bond under normal circumstances. However, when Dr. Huang charted the spread between the synthetic yield from U.K. inflation-linkers and the yield from nominal bonds, he discovered that the synthetic yield of the inflation-linkers traded at between 40 to 120 basis points above the yield of a nominal bond from the collapse of Lehman to December 5, 2008. This meant that the price of inflation-linkers fell relative to the price of nominal bonds, even after converting their real yields into synthetic yields. This observation lends credit to the hypothesis that the collapse of Lehman led to indiscriminate selling of collateral by lenders to recover their cash but only selective replacement of desirable assets by the borrowers. Dr. Huang added by saying that although matched book operations are risk-free for derivative dealers, sudden termination of matched book positions can lead to significant market dislocations as market participants replace long duration positions ahead of short duration positions in distress scenarios. Regulators trying to lower systemic risks should also be mindful of this fact when dealing with collapsing financial entities in the f uture. Furthermore, assets that are normally highly correlated with very similar cash flows, such as stripped inflation-linked bonds and nominal bonds, also diverged significantly in value. This has important implications for market risk management as regulators and arbitrageurs can make the markets more allocatively efficient and less volatile by buying up the undervalued assets and making price a better signal of value.  Ã‚  [18] In a credit crisis there is generally a ripple effect to the financial system of the country affected and indeed the world. This instigates that if there is a breakdown or a collapse of a financial conglomerate, which naturally has branches in major parts of the world, it will affect those parts. To ensure that other countries who suffer the punishment of reckless Banks do not suffer unjustly, there should be an information trickle system where updates about the goings on and major transactions of those companies are given to these branches. Thi s ensure they have a say in the make or break of the company that its collapse can potentially disrupt their economy. Furthermore, the fed needs put a holt on they bailouts in order to allow the economy got through its natural cause. Crisis should be allowed to occur and collapse of any company should be accepted as the US runs a free market. This is implicit to the fact that any company that has been reckless should be left to fact the consequences so other can learn. In addition, a limit of 4% of GDP or $600 in assets should a implemented as this will return banks to where they are in the 1900s when it can be said that the financial state of the country was fairly stable. This reduces or eliminates that too big to fail theory and provide more competition. At the moment there are about five organisations that dominate the derivatives market. If the number increase there could be more competition which would induce lower margins and better prices for customers.

An Introduction Of Cell Biology - 897 Words

Introduction to Cell Biology A Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane A Prokaryotic Cell are cells without a membrane-bound nucleus. An example of a prokaryotic cell is bacteria. A Eukaryotic Cell does have a membrane-bound nucleus, making it different from a Prokaryotic Cell. The Nucleus contains genetic material and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope. An example is an animal cell. Both types of cells contain organelles, each with a specific function. Plant and animals cells both contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria. What defines the two cells is the plant cell also contains a rigid cell wall, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. The Nucleus contains genetic material and controls how the cell operates. The Cell surface membrane, or plasma, surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. Membranes are said to divide up the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. 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Mozart, Don Giovanni Act I Excerpt From Opening Scene (...

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Giovanni Act I: Excerpt from Opening Scene (1787). Don Giovani Act I: Excerpt from Opening Scene, composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. This opera appeared at the original National Theatre in Prague on October 29, 1787. Don Giovanni is a seductive but ruthless nobleman who will stop at nothing to satisfy his sexual appetite. Don Giovanni’s comic servant, Leporello, is a grumbling accomplice who dreams of being in his master’s place. In this excerpt the Don attempts to rape a young noblewoman, Donna Anna; her father, the Commendatore (Commandant), challenges him to a duel. Don Giovanni kills the old man. (Kamien, 2015) Scene one and the opening scene, is Don Giovanni is attempting to seduce a woman Donna Anna, while his servant Leporello is keeping watch outside, but complaining of his position as a servant, in F major which is his main key, using a march rhythm. The orchestral introduction is molto allegro; with sudden fortes. The strings remain constant, creating agitation but moves to violas and second violas marking the end of Andante, transforming into an open Allegro. (The Metropolitan Opera Guild, 2016) Leporello sings in a light staccato comic aria, bass sings in a rapid fire patter and in one note. Moving to the next interaction, are lyrical passages ornamented, as heard in the two trios, Donna Anna with Don Giovanni in the form ABB. Both are singing alternative and then imitative lines. (Hung, J.,

Essay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero - 956 Words

Macbeth is a Tragic Hero Shakespeares tragic hero is a man of noble birth who falls from a position of honor and respect due to a flaw in his character. He freely chooses a course of action which ultimately causes him suffering and brings him to a fatal end.(Campbell 129) Macbeth is the epitome of a tragic hero who rises high then falls rock bottom to his death. Macbeth, once a noble man, follows the advice of witches, finds himself King, abuses his power and then gets killed. Macbeth goes through four stages until he reaches the end of his life; his original state, his tragic flaw, his downfall and finally his suffering. These four stages help to justify Shakespeares tragic hero. Macbeths original†¦show more content†¦In the wake of King Duncans murder, Macbeth is well liked and treated with respect by the people, but this soon changes as his character starts to shatter with the amount of power on his hands. In this second stage of Macbeths life, we find him to be stronger, yet he does not use his strength and bravery to good use. His new found strength mixes with his paranoia and his appetite for power creating him into a tyrant king. Macbeths next wrong turn is calling on murderers to kill Banquo because of fears that Banquos children will hold the throne. He calls the murderers with no fear and no worries. This time making the decision to kill Banquo on his own without the coaxing of Lady Macbeth. Without mentioning it to Lady Macbeth, the murderers carry on killing Banquo while Macbeth goes on. Yet, something is not right with Macbeth. This new found bravery and power in his character has turned into a flaw on Macbeths part. He is suddenly struck with guilt and overwhelming paranoia at his party as Banquos ghost makes an appearance to haunt Macbeth. Avaunt, and quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee. Thy bones are marrowless; they blood is cold; Thou hast no speculation in those eyes which thou dost glare with (3.4.113-116). Macbeth turns into a king who is afraid of losing his power and being found out of killing both Duncan and Banquo. Macbeth tells himself that in order to keep his power he must kill anyone who gets in his way and that is what heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero623 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares Macbeth follows the journey of nobleman Macbeth that starts with him as Thane of Glamis and ends with him as King of Scotland. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he possesses all the traits that Aristotle outlined in his poetics. He said that the tragic hero must be a man that is higher than mortal worth, but has tragic flaws. 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