Safety Regulations in the Petroleum Industry

It is common knowledge that petroleum and petroleum gas (LPG) are good sources of energy. Imagine that petroleum did not exist. This simply means that all the technology that has been developed around petroleum will not be there. To say the least, development in the energy sector has been greatly enabled by petroleum. As fears of future deficit of petrol continue to be entertained by the superpowers, there has been an effort to shift the focus from petroleum to other sources of energy such as solar, hydro electricity, safe nuclear power, bio oil among other alternative sources of energy. Despite the fact that petroleum is a very useful source of energy, it is also a very dangerous, volatile and flammable liquid or gas that can rein havoc if mishandled. Based on its volatile and inflammable nature, there is every need to uphold a high degree of safety measures so as to prevent explosion and fire disasters. The petroleum industry has a number of safety regulations often set by the government that need to be observed. Any organization that handles petroleum oil and gas can only be certified and allowed to operate after satisfying the safety regulations that are specified by the government. The difference of these safety regulations throughout all countries is minimal because after all the petroleum oil and gas is the same. The safety regulations govern every activity in the petroleum industry ranging from drilling, refining, transportation (either through road, ship, air, rail or pipeline), packaging (especially for gas) to safety at the premises in which some of the activities take place. This paper seeks to explain a number of health and safety precautions and regulations that need to be adhered to by every actor in the petroleum industry (Williamson, 1979). Taking US as our working example, we witness tight safety regulations governing the petroleum industry. These regulations are created and enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is an agency in the US labor department which was created by congress under the legislation of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSH Act) to set safety standards that will guarantee that workers do not suffer from any kind of work related deaths, injuries or even illnesses. The OSHA agency is aided, in the release of occupational health and safety standards, by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) whose main function is to conduct research into the areas that pose safety and heath threats to the worker in the petroleum industry. Unlike OSHA, NIOSH does not lie under the US department of labor. Some of these safety standards are explained in the following paragraphs (Joseph, 2006). The regulations governing occupational health and safety are industry specific those that apply to the petroleum industry are based on the fact that petroleum is flammable, inhalation of petroleum vapor is dangerous and harmful to health and for those who drill, exposure to natural gas can trigger cancer and the natural gas is poisonous. The first regulation is base on the Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL). This is specifically important because exposure to petroleum vapor is harmful. However, it should be noted that the effects of the exposure depend on the concentration of the vapor and the amount of time one is in exposure. Inhalation of petroleum vapors can cause nervous effects such as dizziness, headache and even nausea. It can also cause respiratory irritation. Chronic exposure affects the blood, kidney and the nervous system. Very high exposure can lead to coma and death. Gasoline contains benzene which is a human carcinogen and thus the petroleum products that come to contact with the skin may be absorbed and eventually may cause skin cancer and myeloid leukemia. Based on these health risks, OSHA released a PEL regulations that specifies the amount of petroleum vapor that petroleum industry workers (especially those working in petroleum refineries) are supposed to be exposed to. Benzene-containing gasoline requires an 8 hour 1ppm with a maximum of 5ppm short term exposure. The other hydrocarbons also have their specific exposure limits. The limits are not supposed to be exceeded to avoid health hazards (National Safety Council, 1990). OSHA Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) regulations in the petroleum industry require a number of protective equipment. Some of this protective equipment includes the use of goggles, face shields and safety glasses to protect the eye and the face from metal or wood flying objects, dangerous light or even chemicals. The Fall Protection regulation requires that those working in excavation sites such as petroleum drillers and those laying petroleum tankers and pipelines need to be protected against fall by use of guard rails, personal fall systems and safety nets that will protect the workers in an event that they fall. Foot & hand and arm protection is also encouraged through the use of metatarsal guards, special shoes with anti puncture soles and toe shields and gloves ranging from heavy metal to soft cotton gloves respectively. The head, respiratory and other parts of the body are also protected. Each part of the body requires specific protective equipment against a specific hazardous stimulus. Respirators are also part of the OSHA regulations (Olishifski, 1999). According to OSHA 1910:134, the employers in the petroleum industry are supposed to provide respirators to the workers to protect them inhaling excessive petroleum vapor which is harmful to their health. This regulation calls for special kind of air purifying or air supplying respirators depending on the exposure situation. In this way, the worker is protected from vapor in excess of the OSHA PEL. Those working in enclosed premises processing, mining or handling petroleum should either be supplies with respirators or ventilation of the premises should be maintained at the OSHA regulations. All this is in a bid to maintain the concentration of petroleum vapor in air within the OSHA PEL brackets (Roughton, 2002) When handling the flammable or combustible liquids, OSHA proposes a number of guidelines that must be adhered to prevent fire and explosions. To avoid fire, there is need to prevent accumulation of petroleum in the air in such vapor-air mixture concentration that exceeds one quarter of the least flammable limit. This is achieved by encouraging ample ventilation to avoid this vapor accumulation. Explosions on the other hand are likely to occur due to pressure building in tanks holding the flammable or combustible liquid. For this reason, tanks are to be built of heat resistant steel, corrosion resistant steel or if built of any material should be built based on sound engineering designs as per the principles governing the material used. The tanks should also be vented to prevent any possible development of a vacuum or pressure which can lead to explosions (Penton/IPC, 1984) The handling of LPG requires that it be odorized so as to enable detect its presence in air to a concentration that exceeds one fifth of the lower flammable limit. The odor should be distinct and easy to detect. However, odorizing is not necessary if it proves harmful if the LPG shall be used for further processing. Odorizing is necessary to prevent fires incase of a leakage from cylinders and pressure tanks used to hold the gas (because LPG is highly volatile and flammable) because one is able to detect it early and thus take remedial measures. Regarding the cylinders that hold the LPG, one is not allowed to carry out any welding on the shell, head or any section of the pressure container. This is to prevent possibility of explosion of the container due to welding. Further, any fittings shutoff valves and any accessories fitted to the LPG pressure container should meet the 250 p. s. i. g pressure specifications. The shutoff valve should not be made of cast iron because of its less resistance to fire and heat. Incase of heat or fire, the valve is likely to expand or open leading to a leakage and hence fire or explosion. All these specifications are for safety purposes to avoid possible leakage from the pressure containers holding LPG. Areas with high temperatures require lower vapor pressure LPG in a high pressure container so as to prevent the opening up of safety valves as a result of the high temperatures. The OSHA regulations governing the petroleum industry are very diverse and go down to greater finer details. Despite all that the bottom line is the fact that these regulations were set to protect the workers and even the consumers of products originating from the petroleum industry. If these safety and health regulations are followed to the letter, it will lead to a high degree of safety in the petroleum industry. As said earlier, petroleum is a very important component in the energy sector development but posses a great danger to health and property if no handled with care (Olishifski, 1999). Any organization under the petroleum industry needs to adhere to these rules to avert any possible disaster that can result if the regulations were not adhered to. However stiff the regulations may be, for safety purposes, they need to be followed. The OSHA’s regulations have often been criticized by the petroleum industry players for lacking practicability. The department of labor under which the OSHA agency exists should set out modalities of working closely with the industry’s stakeholders to encourage a health and safety culture among the key players in the industry. If the regulations seem to be expensive and the specifications too much specific, then OSHA has no alternative than to liaise with engineers and some other professionals so as to supply the equipment and services which are compliant with the safety and health specifications to the ministry players.

The Short Bus

In the summer we got a writing assignment. For this assignment we had to read the book The Short Bus and write a paper about it. Later on after school had started and time had passed the author of the book, Jonathan Mooney came in and had a presentation with us. Now I will be writing about the many different implications, both positive and negative, of being labeled different in our society. Also, I will describe and justify my ethical response to the use of words as weapons against others.Being labeled in our society is not necessarily a bad thing, it could be good. A good thing that comes from this is it helps you understand if someone is mentally handicapped. For an example, if someone has a mental handicap they could be considered â€Å"slow† and that is a nicer thing to say than â€Å"retarded† so to speak. Also, another reason this would be good is because in many schools special services are offered to those who are â€Å"different†. Tutoring, extended tim es on tests, alternative courses, and even a dedicated classroom can all be offered.But, in order to be qualified for those offerings, you would have to have the label of being mentally handicapped. My thought on this would be that many people that have mental handicaps already know that they are the way they are. They also usually accept the fact that they have a disability that many others do not have. On the other hand, there are unfortunately some bad things in this. Labels can be a very hurtful thing to a lot of individuals. Labels can add to prejudice and discriminations.They could also prevent or discourage you from getting to know someone. Being called gay, retard, or even an idiot are all forms of discrimination. If someone is homosexual or mentally handicapped they can most definitely not help it, it was the way they were born. I’m sure that most people that have these â€Å"problems† so to speak already feel like an outcast and giving people labels just make s the situation a lot worse and more painful. Also, this could very possibly make you not want to get to know someone.If all of your friends are giving a certain someone labels and making fun of them, there is a very good chance you would be discouraged in getting to know this person. That is not fair at all to the person getting the label or the person that would want to get to know someone. Another thing, when you are diagnosed with a handicap the handicap is not permanent. Therefore, you could eventually lose the handicap and still be considered the label in school and still have the special classes and extensions and such.On the other hand, if you never had any handicap before and you develop one sometime in the future, you would not be able to have special tutoring, extended time on tests, alternative courses, and a dedicated classroom, etc†¦ until you were diagnosed with the mental handicap that you could very possibly have obtained in the future. The second part of this essay I will give my ethical response on using words as weapons against others. I do not know where name-calling, labels, or being â€Å"different† originated from, but I despise it greatly.I think name-calling, labels, and all forms of using words to hurt others are very unacceptable. All this does is hurt someone; it does not help the person who is saying the words, at all. A lot of the words people use to hurt others do not even make much sense. For an example when someone says someone is ghetto it that someone or something is trailer trash. No one really knows where this came from and it really does not make sense at all yet, people still use it to hurt others. Using words to hurt people can become a pretty big deal.Recently, a handful of homosexual students committed suicide due to the bullying by others. According to ABC News Clementi jumped off the George Washington Bridge Tuesday, days after his roommate allegedly posted video on the Internet of him having sex with an other man. The recent eruption of gay teen suicides has been across the country, from the East Coast to Indiana, Texas to California, where 13-year-old  Seth Walsh, who recently hanged himself,  was memorialized Friday night This could happen to anyone at any time if the verbal bullying does not come to a stop.In this paper, I wrote about the many different implications, both positive and negative, of being labeled different in our society. Also, I described and justified my ethical response to the use of words as weapons against others. I think I gave my opinion pretty clearly. I also gave an example of what bullying others verbally could to do someone, thanks to ABC News.

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example ultural differences, exchange risks, legal and taxation idiosyncrasies - scholars seeking to understand the cross-border effects have been picking from different disciplines (e.g., marketing, finance, operations, strategy, organizational behavior) the relevant theories and methods. The complexity and multidimensionality of the international business environment forced to the development of some frameworks trying to classify its components. Mascarenhas (1982) developed a perspective of multiple factors the multinational organizations faces due to environmental uncertainty and focused on foreign exchange uncertainty, political uncertainty, and employment problems. Hambrick (1982) divided the environment into four categories: administrative, engineering, entrepreneurial, and regulatory, and these categories in twenty sub-categories. Several other scholars contributed to the classification in two broad dimensions: task (competitors, customers, and suppliers) and remote (political/legal, social/cultural, technological, and economic) environment (Dess & Beard, 1984; Ebrahimi, 2000). More recently, Guisinger (2001), based on prior work, proposed the geovalent construct to comprised eight "mutually exclusive, exhaustive, quantifiable, and largely replicable" (Guisinger, 2000: 4) environmental dimensions and encapsulate some of the main features of the international business environment. These dimensions are: Culture, legal system, political risk, income profile, tax regimes, econography, exchange rate, and restrictions. Business environment have been particularly influenced by factors such as Political / Legal, Economic Social / culture, Technological and Environmental. These factors are know as PESTEL analysis and are widely used by business enterprises to audit their environment and to help them establish a strategic approach to their business activities. Organizations will be directly affected by the actions of government and other political events. Major events

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

China - Essay Example country was changing.  Radical restructuring of the economy has become an objective necessity â€Å"since the 1970s when they started shifting to a postindustrial service-based economic structure (in part as a reaction to earlier oil price shocks in the 1970s).†Ã‚  (Winters and Yusuf 150). Beginning late in 1978, the reform was fully developed after the XII Congress of the Chinese Communist Party  (1982) and strengthened its position as a result of the decisions of the XIV Congress (1992).  Important milestones were the XIII Congress (1987), which gave a detailed interpretation of the initial stage of socialism theory and the XIV Congress, which decided that the reform is to create a socialist market economic system with Chinese specifics. The main objective in the domestic politics of China became the recovery of productive forces through a set of market type economic reforms.  Strategically far-sighted was the decision of the Chinese leaders about gradual implementation of reforms, taking into account national specifics, according to folk wisdom - Crossing the River by Feeling for Stones. In 1979 – 1983, the interim target of the reform was to complement the command economy, which was still predominant, with market regulations under state control.  Practice of the transformations’ start-up phase included expansion of enterprises’ economic independence, creation of special economic zones, recovery of individual and collective structures in the economy, the first attempts to introduce market principles in pricing and sales of engineering products and household goods which had no ratios.  The biggest breakthrough was the elimination of the former ineffective system of rural people’s co mmunes. The new economic model included the following: 1) complete economic independence of enterprises; 2) replacement of directive planning by guiding; 3) free, under state regulatory functions, buy and sell of consumer goods and means of production; 4) creation of the

How Should Albatross Anchor Overcome Its Business Challenges Case Study

How Should Albatross Anchor Overcome Its Business Challenges - Case Study Example The current time management process at Albatross Anchor is poor and outdated. There are a lot of inefficiencies in manufacturing. The changeover time required from one anchor type to another is as large as 36 hours. This implies that the company may be spending more time in set-up rather than manufacturing. No doubt the lead time of the products manufactured by the company for bulk orders is 3-4 weeks. These inefficiencies in time management have a huge impact on its profit margins and customer satisfaction.The most obvious and the best way of time management is to reduce set-up time. It is recommended that Albatross Anchor uses SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Dyes) methodology. The idea behind this methodology is to reduce set-up time to less than a minute (which was later modified to a single digit). It may not be possible to literally reduce the set-up time to a single digit. The aim should reduce the set-up time realistically to as low as possible.SMED can be applied by Albatross Anchor by identifying the activities which can be performed externally i.e. not within the machine set up. These activities need to be performed before the changeover is required. This means deploying certain resources for performing these external activities in parallel while the other resources are working on the machine for current operation. All the wastes should be eliminated and each operation should be optimized. If Albatross can afford to make the capital investment, it needs to go for equipment which has the same basic parts and requires only a change of few parts (dyes) while changing over from one anchor to another. By following such steps, Albatross Anchor should be able to reduce its set up time from 36 hours to less than an hour.One of the biggest challenges in front of Albatross Anchor is the use of obsolete technology. Moreover, technology is not being used for several operations. This leads to safety issues, poor quality, long lead times, long set-up times, efficie ncy losses and customer dissatisfaction.The biggest need at the moment is to adopt the latest manufacturing technology.

EU Enlargement to Eastern Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Enlargement to Eastern Europe - Essay Example Following the launch of the euro as EU's common currency, the EU found it necessary to shift its attention to the East. The decision to enlarge EU membership to Eastern European countries was finalized in 2002 and its first phase would have been carried out between 2004 and 2006. Here, EU negotiates what analysts perceive as a bumpy road. belonged to the former communist bloc which just emerged from half a century of Soviet domination. Throughout this long period, they operated on a planned economy and it is only now that they are moving in unison towards a market economy. As a lingering effect of a less efficient economic system, their incomes are much lower than those of existing EU members. This poses a problem to the process of harmonizing the entry of these countries into EU. EU enlargement to Eastern Europe will boost the European common market from 320 million people to about 470 million. Unlike Switzerland, Norway and Iceland which joined only EU's free trade area, the Eastern European countries need to be full EU members or they will not enjoy the promised benefits. This entails huge costs on the part of the new members. Eastern Europe is a low-income region of about 100 million people whose combined income will raise the GDP of EU by a mere 5 per cent. This is very much less than the result of previous EU expansions to the North and South. It is not only their low income levels that may bring deleterious effects to EU but also the fact that these countries are in the middle of a transition phase from a centrally planned to a market economy. In addition, the new members will have to cope with more EU regulations than before because of the recent creation of the Single European Market concept. Although many of the former communist bloc countries are convinced of the superiority of the free market, some have retained their faith in the socialist system and in the role of government in steering economic growth. Thus, many of them continue to bring up the rear on the list of world's freest economies. In the 2003 Economic Freedom of the World Report, only Estonia made it to the16th rung. Hungary was 35th, Czech 39th and Latvia 51st. At the bottom of the list were Bulgaria at 103rd place, Russia 112th, Romania 116th and Ukraine 117th. (Tupy, L., 2003) Initially, liberalization of these economies pushed output down, but they gradually recovered. By 2002, their separate GDPs grew as foreign investment started to come in. During that year, the World Bank reported that Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Sloavakia led the pack with an average 2.3 per cent growth. Poland is the largest of these former communist bloc countries and may prove to be of strategic importance to EU since it is the gateway of Western Europe into the large Eastern European countries of Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine. (Mind Your Business, 2004) The other big countries in the East that are slated to join EU are Russia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia. Poland's Problems Signs that Poland is a possible problem child for EU became evident as soon as the homeland of the beloved Pope John Paul II took the first step of joining the union in May 2004. Polish

Russian Labour Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Russian Labour Movement - Essay Example In the Russia political organizations had as yet no 'genuine pressure' on the labour force and trade unions existed only in nascent structures. "The soviets were the command of a purpose necessitates for a union which has authority without having conventions, and which can instantly hug hundreds of thousands of labours. A union, besides, which can coalesce all the futuristic partialities inside the employees, which haves both preparations and self-disciplines, and, which is the most important thing, can be termed into being in 24 hours."... [But] "Groups were organizations in the proletariat, the Soviets was the organization of the working class" (1909, p. 82-228). Essentially, and undoubtedly, the 1905 Revolution was a bourgeois uprising, propped up by the noninterventionist middle class to rupture Czarist absolutism and to move on Russia by way of a Constituent Assembly headed for the circumstances that continued living in the more industrialized capitalistic states (Dresden 1909, p. 82-228). In no more as the most important workers thought in political settings, they mainly distributed the agenda of the moderate bourgeoisie proletariats. And so did the entire current socialist organizations which established the need of a bourgeois uprising as a prerequisite for the structure of a powerful labour movement and a forthcoming proletarian revolt under more highly developed conditions in Russia. The soviet formation of the Russian Revolution moved out with the disturbing of the revolution in 1905, only to come back in larger movement in the Revolution of 1917. It was these soviet movements which encouraged the development of similar precipitate organizations in the 1918 German Revolution1, in addition, to a certain extent, the social upheavals in England, France, Italy, and as well as Hungary. With the council system a form of organization cropped up which could direct and systematize the self-actions of very large masses for either restricted ends or for revolutionary objectives, and which could do so independently of, against, or alongside, existing labour organizations. The best part of every one, the raise of the council system confirmed that impulsive actions need not dissolve in amorphous mass-exertions but could matter into organizational constitutions of a too much 'interim nature'. The Russian Revolution of 1905 rejuvenated left-wing resistances in the socialist groups of the Westerns, but so far more regarding the impulsiveness of its group strikes than the organizational shape these events assumed. But the reformist 'magic charm' was not working any more; revolution was seen as a genuine possibility once again. However, in the West it would not be a bourgeois self-ruled but a pure proletarian revolution. But be that as it may, the constructive approach toward the Russian incident was not as yet changed into a refusal of the parliamentary processes of the reformist groups of the Second International. The 1917 Russian Revolution was the outcome of impulsive movements in remonstration to more and more excruciating circumstances throughout the disastrous war. Strikes and protests rocketed into a broad revolution which established the maintenance of some armed units and caused the fall down of the Czarist administration. The revolution was supported by a wide

A series suggestion of principles and strategies that could be Essay

A series suggestion of principles and strategies that could be employed to create more urban ecovillages and sustainable urban n - Essay Example The explosion of technologies of the 1700s caused by the unbridled combustion of fossil fuels and a greater than seven fold increase in human numbers has put at risk the very basis of the earth’s social and institutional resiliencies. The beginnings of the perception of the changing natural environment and its repercussions were felt in the early 19th century itself when Henry David Thoreau (1854) published his book Walden. The movement to preserve the environment started in the 1960s in the form of the Green Anarchist movements. Murray Bookchin also in the 1960s put forward the social issues effecting the environment at the time and went on to coin the term social ecology in 1974. His belief was that all environmental problems were rooted in deep- seated social problems. Ecovillage Concept and Sustainability Over the years that followed ecology and conservation gained momentum as the period of industrialisation and economic development in terms of productivity and cost- benef it ratios grew. Urban areas expanded exponentially with little or no concern for the ecological quotient. Concern for the environment brought interest in the study on environmental mapping along with the growing realization that the parameters that determine the quantity of industrial productivity and economics don’t add up to an increased happiness quotient or quality of life for humans and the biodiversity. The realisation that the environment was reaching appoint of no return gave way to the ethos of sustainable development and a quest to achieve sustainability through judicious use of resources. The advent of the ecovillage concept or the sustainable neighbourhood initiative was one such effort to mitigate and arrest the loss of habitat and to take nature as a component in the economics and ecology of human living. Hildur and Ross Jackson the pioneers in this field, set up the Gaia Trust In 1987. Their 20 years experience in cohousing gave a head start to the Danish ecovi llage network. The ecovillage concept continued without any set definition or principles until 1991 when The Gaia Trust entrusted Diane and Robert Gilman to identify and report on the best ecovillages. The report Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities carried the definition of an ecovillage as stated by Gilman as â€Å"a human scale, full-featured settlement, in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world, in a way that is supportive of healthy human development and can be successfully continued into the indefinite future.† In 1993 Gaia Trust also took the initiative to form the Danish Ecovillage Network and in 1995 at the fall conference of the Gaia Trust at Findhorn Where 400 people from ecovillages from across the world participated the Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) was launched. This global ecovillage concept has now come to transcend the urban-rural dichotomy and is fast becoming the post industrial way of organizing society at the grassroo ts level. Principles Successful neighbourhood initiatives are being based on certain universal principles of sustainability, self reliance and social integrity. These are broadly classified into four components- the social, ecological, economical and spiritual/cultural components. Hildur Jackson (1998) on the other hand visualized the elements in an ecovillage in the form of 4 dimensions-earth, air, fire and water. In each she placed another set of 4 categories of determinants that would

Wedding Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wedding Photography - Essay Example raphers to capture the images that will have meaning for the couple, such as allowing the event to unfold as it does rather than trying to direct it for the ‘perfect’ shot. Finally, it is important to consider the ethics of the situation – are you the first photographer, how do you respond to Uncle Charlie peering over your shoulder and should you digitally enhance images with minor flaws in them in order to provide a more pleasing picture. Examining some of the more important techniques and tips available will help to produce more satisfying results while an understanding of some of the ethics questions involved may help alleviate future problems. As has been mentioned, the wedding photographer must combine more than one role as he or she attempts to capture images of someone’s big day. They must have strong knowledge of portrait photography in terms of lighting and composition. â€Å"Portrait photographers learn lighting ratios such as the normal 3-1 ratio for lighting the face, as well as portrait composition. They then spend time setting up their shots for a desired lighting effect. †¦ They strive to control every aspect of the portrait† (Lee, 2004). This knowledge is often necessary in establishing the group shots of the wedding party and many images of the bride. However, this does not capture the sense of the joyousness of the moment nor does it complete the professional photographer’s duties at a wedding. This is where the photojournalist must come into play. â€Å"The photojournalist on the other hand is ‘quick to draw’ you might say. He or she is able to capture a fleeting mome nt in time. They are on their toes looking for the chance shot† (Lee, 2004). The degree to which a photographer must be a portrait artist or a photojournalist depends greatly on the general trends in society as well as in the wishes and personalities of the couple involved. The more the photographer is able to key in to the mood of the event, the better

The affect of in circle group on turnover intention in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal - 1

The affect of in circle group on turnover intention in Saudi Arabia Business - Research Proposal Example The private sector therefore needs to evolve effective mechanisms of reducing high turnover of Saudi nationals by exploiting the various perspectives of guanxi, the Chinese relationship-building phenomenon within the LMX approach. Globalization has significantly changed the dynamics of social structure and provided businesses with socio-cultural diversity that is indeed diverse in its application of ideas, ideologies and competencies across people coming from different race, culture, color and nationality. As such the role of HRM is crucial in creating a diverse workforce whose competencies are judiciously exploited for increasing organizational productivity (Gillham, Wood & Somerville, 2007). In the transforming societal norms, the managerial leadership has emerged as vital issue that significantly influences the employees’ turnover and performance. As such, investigating the role of leadership in predicting employees’ behavior and workplace commitment becomes an important issue for studying its impact on employees’ turnover (Gilly et al., 2009). The research would therefore investigate the impact of in-circle group on employees’ turnover using guanxi as independent variable in LM X approach within the industries/ business of the private sector in Saudi Arabia. In the current environment of highly volatile market conditions and rapid globalization, the organizational change is unavoidable and necessitates changes in the organizational structure, policies and operations (Kotter & Schlesinger, 2008; Hodgson, 2009). The workforce becomes critical ingredient in the organizational change processes as they are the key facilitators for implementing these changes for higher performance outcome (George & Jones, 2005). The on-going relationship between the managerial leadership and the workforce becomes the major stimulant of mutual exchange that encourages workers to adopt changes to meet new challenges (Lee, 2008). Consequently, the role

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay Question One. From the case study, we can learn a lot. It ranges from leadership, management, work ethics, behaviour shaping and changing to the impact of positive and negative reinforcements in organisations. Managing of creative workers, recognition of opportunities and problems, unethical strategies and tactics, team building and networking among others are aspects that can be learned from the case study (Robinsen 2000). We can also learn from the study that Godot applied an autocratic or authoritative style of leadership. He could not listen to any of his workers, he could not open any avenue of communication and consultation with his workers and could not involve the workers in decision making. All he could do was to haul insults at them instead of actively involving them in the day to day running of the restaurant. It is important to treat workers in a good way if any positive results are to be realised (Simons 2003). The first genesis to doing so is to implement ways and methods that would boost the morale of workers. Good leadership and management skills are essential to any organisation. Good work ethics and behaviour should be instilled to the workers so that they can deliver good results with very minimal supervision (Haddock 2001). Abuses and insults are not supposed to be used at the work place as they even tend to scare away sensitive customers and other business people. Leaders and managers should learn new ways and methods of improving workers’ efficiency and results. Organisations that deploy such ways and methods, have proved to stand ahead of others (Wharton 1996). Question Two. There are several negative and positive reinforcements, punishment and extinctions that were used by Godot and the customers in shaping of the employees’ behaviour. Positive reinforcements included the dedication and industriousness of Godot. This is positive in that it helps the workers as they are able to emulate what Godot stands for. Through dedication and hard work, the restaurant was able to stand the test of time. This was an inspiration to the workers. Another positive reinforcement was that of the customers. The customers would appreciate the work done by Diane and compliment her efficient services. This would give her morale to work even harder and efficiently knowing that her services were good. There are also negative reinforcements. They can be seen mainly from Godot’s attitude and way of doing certain things. He was a man prone to emotional outbursts. He could yell and shout at his workers whenever something went wrong or whenever he could not see what he expected of them. This is negative in that it instilled a sense of fear to the workers and always made them nervous (Bringsrud 2004). This makes someone not to perform to the expected standards, His lack of compliment to his workers is also a negative reinforcement (Myers 1997). He did not appreciate anything good but was so quick at condemning and demonising anything he felt was not right. A good employer needs to give credit where it belongs. This is a way of encouraging and giving morale to the workers (Simons 2003). Godot could not see anything good in it. All he could do was merely grunt at Diane even when she said hello or goodbye. Such attributes do not befit a good employer. Punishment was in the form of fining his workers whenever something went wrong. When Diane dropped a plate of bouillabaisse appetiser, she was scorned at and fined a total of $24. 95. This punishment demoralised her to the extend of affecting her performance. Her earnings from tips dropped from a one time top of 23 percent to a meager 15 percent. This was as a result of reducing the pace at which she worked in order to prevent any other incidences from happening. From this, one can easily tell that the punishment imposed on her was too much and she could not risk losing the amount any more. Such a negative reinforcement does not add any value to the business but instead it demoralizes the workers thus reducing the pace of working (Wharton 1996:8). As a result, the customers end up waiting for long and some might give up and leave. This turns out to affect the restaurant adversely. Godot as an employer has various ways of improving or shaping the behaviour of his employees. One of the ways is by introducing packages that are employee friendly and putting in place certain measures that would improve the performance of his employees instead of using ruthless methods such as imposing of huge fines and punishment to the workers. Such methods could include appreciating what the workers do and also ones in a while complimenting the efforts made. Diane would have been appreciated in various ways and by so doing, her morale would have been boosted thus making her work extra hard and as a result winning more customers. Employers need to realise that social responsibility and leadership in organisations and businesses for that matter are very vital aspects (Haddock 2001:475). Workers depend on employers and employers depend on workers too. This is a mutual relationship which should be upheld in all cases. This should be realised by both the parties in order for the business to perform to the expectations. Question Three. The reinforcements and punishment mentioned in question two have both positive and negative impact on Diane’ behaviour. Inasmuch as the punishment imposed on Diane would seem to be on the extreme, it could be viewed as positive in some ways. Being careful at the job place is extremely important. When Diane dropped the plate of appetiser, she was fined heavily by Godot. This made her promise to be more careful than ever before so that she could not get herself in the same mistake again. This instills a sense of discipline and responsibility to the workers (McTagart 2003). The strict nature of Godot, his dedication and industriousness was a lesson for Diane. Her behaviour would be influenced by such reinforcements. She would learn to be dedicated and more independent in future. Her pace of doing things would also improve as she was used to doing tasks at a very fast rate. This obviously is a positive change to her behaviour. On the other hand, Godot’s lack of compliment and appreciation would affect her behaviour too. This will make her feel left out, unwanted and also feel like her services are not worth. If Godot had behaved differently in this case, Diane would have learned from the same and applied it elsewhere. In any organisation, behavioural shaping and change is very important. Every employee should feel like part of the team in order for there to be teamwork and tangible results (Moir 1999). The lack of appreciation and compliment changed Diane’s way and pace of doing the job. It made her slow down thus affecting the job she was doing. The emphasis of Godot on the importance of working as a team is seen as a positive gesture of behavioural shaping. If an employee was hired and he/she did not appreciate the importance of working as a team, he/she would learn from Godot’s vision and his way of doing things, thus shaping ones behaviour (Stuart 2003). Question Four. The effectiveness of hourly pay rates and tips as a way of reinforcing desired behaviours could go either way, that is, it could either be positive or negative depending on the outcome and the intention of the method. Hourly pay rates in most cases is the method that most employees prefer (Hufman 2002:49). This is because one gets paid depending on their efforts. If one inputs more effort in the job he/she is paid more than that who inputs less. The principle ideally is ‘more effort more pay, less effort less pay’. This is not just an advantage to the employees only but also to the employers (Godwin 2001). If an employee does more, the employer also gets more in returns. Hourly pay has proved to be the best way of dealing with both the employers and the employees. One could work for a certain period of time and get doing something else including attending lectures and lessons. This method does not tie someone to one thing. One becomes flexible enough to the extend of even doing more than one job. Tips are also a good way of reinforcing desired results and behaviours (Borer et al 2000). Tips make a worker work extremely fast and with dedication. How much one takes home at the end of the day, week or month depends on the person’s zeal of work. Just like hourly pay, tips benefit both the employee and the employer. For instance, if an employee makes 20 percent of the total amount of money, it definitely goes without saying that the employer must have bagged the 80 percent. It is therefore important that the mode and way of payment as per the contract is obeyed by the two parties involved. Reinforcing of behaviour could be done in different ways, hourly pay rates and tips being one of the ways. Such a method makes the employee work under certain rules and conditions as deemed fit by the employer. Work for three hours, do not break anything, get your pay and tips and leave. This is normally the motto of such methods. Some employees are too careless and lazy to the extend that they do not care about what happens in the event that loses are incurred. The only way to check them and put them on toes in by introducing the hourly pay rates and tips. This is meant to give the employer the opportunity of maximising his/her time at the job place. In the extract, Godot decides to introduce such a method in order to cushion himself against the lazy workers who might think that they can just get to the hotel, work anyhow and get away with it. This is not Godot’s way of working. He believes in workers earning what they worked for. If you work hard you get more. If you just lazy around, you are bound to get very little. Diane had to work hard so that she could save something substantial for her use ones she went back to school. To her, a table waiting job was what she could do instead of just staying at home during summer. She thought that she could make some money and improve on her University life, actually change her diet. Her hard work would fetch her upto 23 percent on tips and $15. 0 per hour. She had set targets that she wanted to meet. Her ability to work fast and efficiently earned her the percentage she had targeted on tips. This plus her hourly pay was enough to take care of her University needs after summer. This method of tips encouraged her to work hard. Had it been a flat rate pay on tips, Diane would not have worked as hard as she did. This meant that Godot also made a lot of money in the process. Fur thermore, Godot spelt out clearly what he wanted for his restaurant. He had a vision for his restaurant and insisted on the importance of working as a team in order to deliver good services to his customers. It is on the basis of this too that Diane decided that she would put in her best to prove how good she could be. Conclusion. From the case study, it is very clear that something has to be done in most organisations regarding work ethics and behaviour. Employers subject their workers to unfavourable working conditions and all they care about is there well being and not that of the workers (Huberman 1994). Workers in such organisations end up persevering such conditions with the aim of just making ends meet in their lives. This could be clearly seen from Diane’s case. She had to persevere for the purposes of making money but did not enjoy working under such conditions. Workers should enjoy doing their work and this can only be made conducive by the input of the employers (Benstin 1995). Organisational behaviour is a topic of discussion that leaves many employers and employees looking for ways and methods of dealing with the issue.

The trial of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Example for Free

The trial of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay I walked into the court room, and looked at the jury, they were all white, I knew that it would have to be a miracle to get the jury to come back with the verdict that Tom Robinson was innocent. But I had a plan. If the trial goes well, I will appeal against the verdict, and then the court case will go to another place, where the jury wont be so biased against black people. The trial started and the first person who took the stand was the Sheriff, Mr Tate. The oppositions Lawyer, Mr Gilmer, was the first to ask Mr Tate some questions, all Mr Gilmer asked the Sheriff was what had happened on that night, the Sheriff replied by saying that he saw Miss Ewell on the floor beaten up, and that she had told him Tom Robinson had beaten her up and that Tom Robinson had took advantage of her. Things hadnt started well for me and Tom Robinson. I stood up and proceeded to ask Mr Tate some questions, the first question I asked was if he had called a doctor, Mr Tate replied by saying no, I asked him in a different way another two times, to make my point clear that no doctor had been called. I then asked him to describe the girls injuries, he described them and I asked on what side of her face was her black eye, after a couple of tries he finally said it was her right eye, and that it was mainly the right side of her face that was banged up badly. This was good news for me and Tom Robinson as I knew that Tom couldnt use his left hand, and it was obvious that who ever beat her up was using his left hand, I didnt reveal this to the court just yet. I then sat down and Mr Tate left the stand. The next person who was called to the stand was the father of the girl who was beaten up, his name was Robert E. Lee Ewell. Mr Gilmer was the first to question him he asked a couple of questions, and then he asked the important question. He asked Mr Ewell what he saw on that night, Mr Ewell replied with that he saw Tom Robinson having sexual intercourse with his daughter Mayella, he then said that he ran into the house but Tom Robinson had got out of the front door, moments before he had got there, He then said that he didnt chase after Tom Robinson because he was more concerned with his daughter Mayella, he said after making sure she was alright, he ran down to  the Sheriffs and got him to come back to the house. Mr Gilmer then sat down as he had no further questions to ask, Mr Ewell left the stand, but bumped into me as he tried to get back to where he had come from, I told him to go back to the stand as I had a couple of questions to ask him. I asked Mr Ewell a few questions, I then got him to write his name on the envelope, hoping to prove that he was left handed, as the person who beat Mayella up was left handed, Mr Ewell wrote his name and it showed he was left handed. I asked Mr Ewell if he was left handed and he said yes he was. That was my last thing to do with Mr Ewell so I sat down waiting for the next witness. The next person that took the stand was the victim Mayella Ewell. Mr Gilmer asked Mayella to tell everyone what had happened on the night she was beaten up on. Mayella burst into tears about a minute into questioning, and said that she was scared of my questioning techniques. After the Judge calmed down Mayella, she started to tell the jury what had happened on that day. She said that she called him over to bust up a chiffarobe, she said that he came to her and she said to him Ill just go get you a nickel, I went inside to get him a nickel and he ran up behind me, and grabbed me by the neck, he was cussing me and then he started to beat me. Mr Gilmer waited for Mayella to collect herself, when she was ready she said that he forced her to the floor and took advantage of her. I started asking Miss Mayella some questions, trying to build up a picture to the jury of her life at home, I then asked weather her father was good to her, she replied with a firm yes, but then she said except, b ut she stopped, I asked except when, but she replied as if she had never said the word except. I then asked her weather her father had beaten her when he was on the drink, she replied with a firm answer of no. After a few more questions I told Tom to stand up, I then asked Mayella if this was the man who raped her, she replied with a yes. I then started to ask questions trying to get to her heart and make her tell everyone that it was her Dad who had beat her, but she wouldnt answer any of my questions. She then started shouting that if we dont find Tom Robinson guilty then we are all yellow cowards. She then burst into tears again. Mayella was allowed to leave the stand. The court then took a ten minute break. We then called the final witness, Tom Robinson. I started by asking Tom about weather he had been in court before and he had said yes, I used this to show that Tom has nothing to hide. Tom then began to explain that he had done a lot of jobs for Mayella and that he never charged her for it. Tom then started to explain what happen on the night in question and he said he went in because Mayella called him in, but Tom said there was nothing for him to do, but Mayella told him to get a box of the top of the chiffarobe, I did what she said but she grabbed my legs, when I got down she hugged me around the waist, she then kissed me, I ran for the door but Mayella blocked, but then her dad looked through the window and shouted at Mayella, you god damn whore, Ill Kill you. I then just ran out of there. I asked if he had raped Mayella, he replied no sir, I asked if he had harmed her and he said no sir. That was the last of my questioning. Mr Gilmer now started to question Tom. He started sayin g stuff at Tom trying to break him down and trying to make him look like a liar in front of the jury, but Tom had an answer for all of his questions. That was the end of building up the evidence to prove Toms innocence. It was now time to go over all the evidence with the jury in a short summary. I proceeded to say that mostly the beating that was given to Mayella was done by somebody left handed, and we have all seen Mr Ewell write his name with his left hand, and we have all seen Tom Robinson swear on the oath with the only hand that he can use, which is his right hand. I then gave a long passionate speech about all men being equal, all the time trying to reach the jurys hearts because I knew if I couldnt reach their hearts and try to change their feelings about black people then we would loose the case because we live in a racist society where white people think they are superior to black people. That was the end of the trial and it was all down to the jury. I started walking around in the court room waiting for the jury to return with their verdict. Finally the jury the returned, they passed the piece of paper with the verdicts on to the judge, the judge polled the jury: guilty, guilty, guilty, the whole of the jury had returned with the verdict guilty. I walked over to Tom and had a word with him, I then left the court room, I was  saddened by the fact that the jury had let the colour of the mans skin decide that he was guilty, but I knew we could appeal against the ruling and have the trial taken to another place in the country, where Tom would receive a fair trial, and that trial I would win and Tom would be free.

Soft Systems Methodology Analysis Construction Essay

Soft Systems Methodology Analysis Construction Essay This essay investigates Soft Systems Methodology, which is a way of dealing with problem situations in which there is a high social, political and human activity component. SSM varies from other methodologies as it does not deal with the HARD problems that are more technically oriented but instead it deals with SOFT problems. Organizations are making large investments in construction projects. Many factors affect the successful achievement of projects, and to be considered successful, project objectives and specifications must be achieved on time and on budget, also projects should meet Stakeholders expectations and realize measurable benefits. But construction projects are often difficult to estimate and manage; some projects are cancelled or reduced in scope because of overruns in cost and or time, or failure to produce expected benefits. That what makes risk management for construction projects a challenging task. FIGURE 1 SOFT SYSTEM METHODOLOGY: Soft System Methodology is the brainwave of  Professor Peter Checkland. The methodology was devised as a result of consultancy work (Platt, 1995).  Hutchings (2006) explains this development as an approach which can be accessed in the situation where Hard System Methodologies are fruitless. He writes,   When confronted with complex real world problems which cannot be defined solely in the scientific terms, Checkland was forced to abandon the classic system engineering thinking which could not describe fully the situation he faces. This led to a fundamental reappraisal of the classics hard approach and the subsequent development of the Soft Methodology. Hence, SSM is classified as a generic methodology (Wilson, 1992) which should be adapted to any given situation. It deals with fuzzy problem situations situations where people are viewed not as passive objects, but as active subjects, where objectives are unclear or where multiple objectives may exist (Rosenhead, 1989). This is explained as human activity system (HAS)   a collection of activities, in which people are purposefully engaged, and the relationships between the activities (Platt, 1995).  Hence SSM is a qualitative technique that can be used for applying System Thinking to non-systematic situations. It follows its progression in seven stages as laid down by Checkland in seven stage model which  is considered by most people to be  the  SSM (Platt, 1995). The seven stages are incorporated into two parts: the real world and systems thinking, as illustrated  in Figure 2. The diagram is divided into two halves. The upper half (Stages 1, 2, 5, 6, 7) are activities th at take place in the real world that is they are based on the knowledge and experience of the participant of how things are to them (Beckford 1998) and therefore should involve people in the problem situation. The bottom half (Stages 3,4,4a,4b) are systems thinking activities which are carried out in the language of systems and may or may not involve people in the problem situation, depending on the circumstances of study  (Johnson, 1999).   FIGURE 2: LEARNING CYCLE OF SSM Effective Risk Management: Project risk management consists of two stages: Risk Assessment, and Risk Control. Risk Assessment is an iterative process; it can take place at any stage and during any time of the project lifecycle, though the sooner the better. Risk Control cannot be effective without a previous risk assessment. TYPES OF RISKS IN CONSTRUCTION: Risk in the design (Flanagan, Norman):   The design risk includes:   Errors in the drawing and design by the architects, structural engineer,   Risk of finishing the drawing in the agreed time, Risk due to number of revisions made in the drawings,  Risk due to the mistake in estimation and costing. Risk arising by the contractor:   Risk occurring due to the in experience of the contractor in doing the kind of project, Risk occurring due to the lack of coordination with the sub contractors and the suppliers which results in delay of the work, Risk due to the manpower mismanagement and also due to the issues regarding claims, disputes, Risk due to the delay in payment of bill to the contractor by the client. Risk arising by the client:   Risk due to not giving insufficient information on the clients needs to the contractor,  Risk due to delay in making important decision, Risk due to the wrong selection of procurement route to construction of the building,  Risk of delay due to changes in the architectural drawing and the design calculations,. Risk arising in the site:   Risk due to improper soil investigation in the site which results in problems like water logging, Risk due to problem with the transportation facility to the site which delays in the delivery of the materials to the site. Other miscellaneous risks: Risk in delay of the project due to the delay in the approval from the local authorities, Risk due to some political interferences,  Risk due to the problems raised by the neighbourhood property owners,  Risk due to the existence of previous building in the site. FIGURE 4: RISK IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT The Role of Each Stake Holder Involved: The stake holders involved in the Risk management study (Lambeck, Eschemuller) are: Risk Manager:   He is the head of the risk management study. He initiates the meeting with the client and submits the risk management report to the client. The risk manager will prepare a risk management evaluation report to submit to the client. Architect:   Architect works on the design of the building based on the requirements given by the client.   He is responsible for the design and he has to make sure that the design is proper and the risk of changes in the drawing is minimal. Structural Engineer:   The structural Engineer proves the structural design of the project. He is responsible for the structural stability and the safety of the building. He can change the architect drawing if there is no structural feasibility in the design. Project Manager:   The Project Manager is the main representative from the client side who is responsible for the whole construction work. He calculates the time limit to finish the project and also looks in to the quality considerations. He coordinates the construction team and make sure that the potential of risk is minimum. Quantity Surveyor: The quantity Surveyor is a main part and works on the cost aspect of the project. He will be responsible for selecting and delivering different materials for the construction. The estimates proposed by the QS will be very competitive. Client: The client is the owner of the project. The client will be providing his requirements to the project team. There fore his satisfaction with each of the proposals is very important. Service Engineer:   The service engineer is responsible for the risk involved in the service provided in the building such as electrical, plumbing, air conditioning etc. The Information Client will need to provide to the Workshop Participants before Each Study:   The client provides the requirements he expects from the study to the stake Holders such as Architect, Structural Engineer and Quantity Surveyor etc. the information client has to provide are: The aim and the objective of the project: Quality expectations: Quality is an important factor and has to be considered for the project. All the materials used for the project should be of high quality and proper checking has to be done by the project manager. Allocated budget: The budget allotted for the project has to be clearly defined. This will help in calculating the coast control techniques. The whole life cycle cost of the project and the cost certainties also has to be evaluated. There fore a detailed risk management study has to be carried out during the pre defining stage. Time limit: The time limit to complete the project has to be finalised and should be finished in the calculated time since it adversely affect the project budget. There fore the time required for the design and the execution of the project has to be calculated. The list of machineries going to be installed in the project: It is needed to fix the electrical connection. The risk manager should be provided with the plans of future expansion if there is any. Site Details: The site consideration such as the size and shape of the site and the area in which the site is situated has to meet the project objective. Hard and Soft Systems: Hard systems thinking are goal-directed as the particular study begins with the definition of the desirable goal to be achieved. It is essentially concerned with the question of how to achieve a predetermined aim. Soft is concerned with defining the options for improvement thus addressing the what to do question. It is also committed to the examination of human activity, which is the other soft part of the equation, in hard systems thinking a goal is assumed. The overall purpose of the methods used by the analyst is to modify the system in some way so that this goal is achieved in the most efficient manner. Whereas hard systems thinking is concerned with the how of the problem, in soft systems thinking, the objectives of the systems are assumed to be more complex than a simple goal that can be achieved and measured. Every system can be said to have a set of purposes or missions rather than goals. Understanding of soft systems can be achieved through debate with the actors in the sys tems. Emphasis is placed on the what as well as the how of the system. Conclusion: To deliver successful construction projects that meet the three deliverables (budget, time, and customer satisfaction), project managers should spend time assessing and managing risk, and allocating contingency and management reserves, so that any risk that arises will be mitigated, following risk assessment and planning. Without maintaining a contingency reserve, the project manager is forced to go back for additional time or dollars for every risk as it becomes a problem. Also to attain successful projects, the project managers have to follow a soft system methodology to ensure that the project starts with a chance of achievement.   BIBLIOGRAPHY: Michael. F. Dallas (2006)-   Value and Risk Management- A guide to best practise N.J. Smith, Managing risks in construction projects Beckford, J. (1998),  Quality: A Critical Introduction,  Oxford: Routledge Hutchings, J. (2006),  A Soft System Framework for the Conservation Management of Material Cultural Heritage  in Alan, D. (2008) Managerial Problem Solving,  Newport:  University  of  WALES Johnson, A. (1999),  Using Soft Systems Methodology in the Analysis of Public Involvement in EIA Platt, A. and Warwick, S. (1995),  Review of Soft System Methodologies, Journal: Industrial Management Data Systems, Vol 95, No. 4, Page 19-21 Checkland, P. (1981),  Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Wiley:  Chichester Reason, P. and Bradbury, H. (2001)  Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice,  London: Sage  Ã‚   Rosenhead, J. (1989),  Rational Analysis of a Problematic World, Wiley:  Chichester Wilson, B. (1992),  Systems: Concepts, Methodologies and Applications, Wiley,  Chichester, Roger Flanagan, George Norman: Risk management and construction By Richard Lambeck, John Eschemuller: Urban Construction Project Management Introduction: 1 Soft System Methodology: 1 Effective Risk Management: 3 Types Of Risks In Construction: 4 The Role of Each Stake Holder Involved: 5 Hard and Soft Systems: 7 Conclusion: 8

The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essays -- English Literature

First Paper - The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne As human beings, we are NOT perfect! It is part of our nature to be flawed one way or another. But there are some who choose to believe the opposing view. The theme of Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "The Birthmark" is how humans fight forcefully against Nature for perfection. It is those humans who, eventually, learn that Nature cannot be changed or revised. Aylmer was a famous scientist and philosopher who achieved great wonders. All his life, he has made remarkable discoveries and won numerous awards. His life revolved around two deep passions - the love for Nature [perfection] and the love for his wife, Georgiana [imperfection]. He believes the world is perfect, but little does he realize his life is rather imperfect. Georgiana is a very beautiful woman who loved her husband dearly. She was indeed beautiful with the exception of one flaw - her birthmark. This single mark lied on her left white cheek that resembled the shape of a hand. This mark is known as the "crimson hand". Her beauty is imperfect because of this "fatal mark". Although this beauty mark hindered Georgiana's beauty in Aylmer's eyes, others don't see this point. Other people, such as Aminadab, feel that she is beautiful with or without the "fatal birthmark". Aylmer was always bothered by her birthmark. Everyday, he goes hysterical over his wife's birthmark. As a successful scientist who has accomplished anything and everything, he decides to remove Georgiana's "fatal mark". He mixes up a concoction which will remove her birthmark. He realizes that the concoction is dangerous, yet he proceeds with his task in hope to remove her "fatal mark". His potion, known as the "elixir o... ...is wife's life. Knowing that the concoction is dangerous, he proceeds with it instead of accepting his wife's beauty. He took his wife's beauty for granted and he paid for his consequences. In a sense, Nature is just like fate. It has been already set up and there is no point to try to change it. Nature cannot be changed and shouldn't be attempted to be changed. Of course, there are always consequences in trying to change something that has already been set up. The more one tries to alter Nature, the more they will hurt themselves and others around them. In another sense, Nature is like God. Nature is similar to God because it is a concept one must comprehend. Nobody can take the place of God and the same mentality should be understood for Nature as well. Nature cannot be changed nor can God be replaced. Nature and God are things one can just accept.

Setting and Its Effect on Understanding Young Goodman Brown Essay

Setting and its Effect on Understanding Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every tale ever told shares similar formal elements. All of these formal elements have equally important consequence on a story. The setting of a story has direct correlations to the way that the reader consumes the meaning of the story. The setting in Young Goodman Brown allows its author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, to leave the ending ambiguous, without closure. The reader is constantly expected to decide for themselves truth. Literal interpretation, widely accepted after its initial publication, respected the story as a puritan fable. The message of which: Without faith in God you are defenseless against the evils of the world. This paper is written with the understanding that Young Goodman Brown left his faith at home and ventured to meet the devil in the godless wild. The devil has earned a reputation of being the worst of all tricksters. On the worst night of the year, along the scariest path outside of the birthplace of American witches, Young Goodman Brown met the devil and the devil played a terrible trick on him, or did he? Whether this apparition was a dream or a reality, the devil cursed Young Goodman Brown with a life long distrust of all those around him for his troubles. The setting of Young Goodman Brown is essential in achieving the uncertainty of actual events regarding the end of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we believe that God above is the all powerful goo...

Dick as Tragic Hero in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essays

Dick as Tragic Hero in Tender is the Night      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night tells the story of an American psychiatrist Dick Diver and his wealthy, schizophrenic wife Nicole. We follow the deterioration of the seemingly wonderful, happy marriage of the stylish couple presented in the first book, to the finalizing divorce of the newly empowered and relatively stable Nicole and the somewhat broken, yet content Dick. Dick’s fall from grace is not entirely surprising considering the weaknesses of his character and the choices he makes throughout the novel. Portrayed throughout the beginning of the book in a very positive light as a wonderful entertainer and the epitome of social grace, Dick’s character is not as strong, nor as pure as it first appears. However, Dick is not an entirely bad person. It is actually some of the more positive aspects of his personality that, in combination with the negative aspects, lead to his eventual downfall.    Book I of the novel introduces Dick as the jester on the beach and a gracious host. He seems to enjoy a great respect from the people around him. The positive light cast on Dick at the beginning makes it likely that Dick Diver will ultimately become the â€Å"hero† of the novel, which is an idea that deserves consideration throughout the novel. But, at the end of Book I, the reader is still not certain of the identity of the main character.   â€Å"It is entirely plausible at that point in the novel to guess that Tender is the Night is actually the story of the young actress Rosemary†( LaHood, 27). The majority of the first book revolves around Rosemary and our perspectives of the characters are somewhat stinted by her impressions of them. It is upon her rather idealized impression of... ...the happy, stable and more independent life that she had been missing.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bruccoli, Matthew J. and Judith S. Baughman. Reader's Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York, NY: Scriber, 1933 Grenberg, Bruce L. "Fitzgerald's 'Figured Curtain': Personality and History in Tender Is the Night." In Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night, ed. Milton R. Stern. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1986. LaHood, Marvin J., ed. Tender Is the Night: Essays in Criticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994. Stern, Milton R., ed. Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night. Boston: Hall, 1986.

Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers Essay

Barriers to communication can present themselves in many diverse forms. Barriers to communication must be anticipated and avoided, by though-out communication strategies . Evaluating past communication helps see where improvement can be made. If I want to others to be open to me , I have to open myself at first. Moreover ,I have to ensure that the person I am communicating with not only hears but understands the statement I am going to make. To climate barriers in communication I have to be able to identify them and take adequate action . In case of time barriers –I am trying to spend required time for active communication without shearing all of my information hurriedly . Distraction barriers –I am fully attentive to my talk, Language barriers-I am making sure that my message is clear without too much medical words or jargon and is comprehensible . Staffing shortage –(is the most common problem in Health Care setting) as a Manager I have to ensure that right number of staff is provided for every shift . In case of lower number of staff on duty different way of communication to be used- board ,communication book ,correct handover to be given with relevant information. With the respect of cultural barriers-we are aware that everybody is different ,the care staff have to understand condition (reading care plans) and culture of the client. We are making sure that our policies are up to date and the staff received appropriate training with regard to awareness cultural and religious differences ,holistic and person –centred approach . There are many different strategies which can be used to overcome barriers to communication. One of the important one is a proper relationship with people who use the service it involves listening skills together with appropriate verbal and non-verbal communication:- -smiling –looking eye contact, gentle tone of voice, showing interest ,nodding head slightly when talking â€Å"I see†, â€Å" I understand†, â€Å"I agree†. I t is very important to build an understanding of people we work with in Social and Health Care . People very often will let you know about their preferred way of communication. All the skills of recognising and overcoming barriers to communication will be useful to avoid situation such as aggression . Reflecting listening skills  are vital in order to make the other person feel included . Empathy may come very useful. Try communicating without judging ,instead view situation and responses from the other person perspective. Make people feel welcome ,wanted and valued and appreciated in communication . If you let others know that are valued ,they are more likely to give you their best. Do not say the first thing that comes into your head but instead take a moment and pay close attention to what you say and how you say it. Focus on what you want to communicate. Always aim to communicate on an equal basis and avoid patronising people . Do not talk about the others behind their back and try not to develop favourites, by treating people equally you will build trust and respect. Encourage open and honest feedback from the receiver to ensure your message is understood . If confidentiality is an issue ,make sure its boundaries are known and ensure is maintained. Learn to troubleshoot and resolve problem and conflict as they arise . Learn how to be effective mediator and negotiator. Encourage and facilitate people to talk to each other. Try not to be judgmental but instead easy the way for conflict resolution. Maintain positive attitude and smile when things do not go to plan, stay optimistic and learn from your mistakes. Some communication scenarios ,by their nature are stressful . Stress can however be a major barrier to effective communication ,all parts should try to remain calm and focused. As often as possible speak face-to-face ,it will convey much more meaning than over the phone or through e-mail. In this busy world we are rapidly losing the art of conversation ,and mainly because we are using the wrong channel for communicating. Very crucial part of management activities are meetings . Meetings are multipurpose actually . They aim at discussing feedback and receiving feedback on the spot. Meetings involve all people working for the company as well as service users and their relatives . A successful and effective meeting is well planned if about its time, venue and agenda. They are very productive and creative ,they are giving the opportunity to everyone to present their view. Overcoming the communication barriers requires a vigilant observation and thoughts of potential barriers in a particular instance of communication . Strategies to overcome these barriers will be different in different situation depending upon the barriers present. â€Å"To listen closely and replay well is the highest perfection we are able to attain in the art of conversation â€Å"-La  Rochefoucauld.

Developments in transportation Essay

Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and tillage, sparked American offshoot in the branch fractional of the nineteenth century more everywhere, it was the booming rail line industry, the country massive turnpikes, and the canals promoting water run that sparked American growth in the freshman half of the 19th century. Railroads had been in the fashioning for years, and they just kept up, thus improving the ministration of news spread and cash in ones chips through place the united States. The turnpikes going from metropolis to city brought ease in traffic goods and transportation.In addition, the canals, such as the Erie Canal, promoted the modal valuel of water travel leading to some key inventions and vehicles. Although developments in manufacturing and agriculture had a profound effect upon American sparing growth in the first half of the nineteenth century, developments in transportation had a larger effect, as well as serving as the cataly st for the developments in manufacturing and agriculture.Railroads do the west accessible. They encouraged the migration and declaration of the western United States. Because of the railroads assisting people in moving out west, a take away formed for new agricultural methods and tools to originate in the new environment. The Gold quicken in California only grew so popular due to the railroads bringing ease of travel to people heading out west. The Railroad industry excessively undefendable up the western areas of the United States to business, industry, and trade.It go along to influence developments of industry, so more products could be make, shipped, and sold. The railroad system also created the contain for new modes of communication, such as the telegraph, because there was more distance to cover, thus opening move a whole new foodstuff in the communication industry. One of the closely important achievements the railroads brought to the United States was the intr oduction of time zones to accommodate for the inter-state trade.By 1820, turnpikes connected al more or less all major cities in the United States.They facilitated trade amid areas of the country that were previously isolated, thus meridian the economy in certain places. Turnpikes also provide a quicker and easier mode of transportation for people, therefore helping to pass the standard of economic self-sufficiency. This meant people were less(prenominal) likely to be stuck growing their receive food, making their own clothes, etc. because they straight had a much easier trip to town where they could buy these goods.Canals became popular from about 1815-1840. The most famous canal was the Erie Canal. It opened an low-cost and quick way to travel from the einsteiniumern to the west. Before the Erie Canal only the east coast had been readily accessible by water. Canals promoted trade between the eastern and western regions, sparking industrial development in the erstwhile f arm-oriented west. Canals made New York City a major trade center. They allowed New York to fly high and continue to grow as an industrial powerhouse, creating more jobs and factories. This is what gave New York the advantage over cities like Baltimore and Philadelphia. The canals also promoted the development of the steamship, created first by Robert Fulton.All in all, the statement, developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American growth in the first half of the 19th century is a valid statement. The advancements made in transportation is what led to the advancements made in manufacturing and agriculture. If it werent for the railroads, turnpikes, and canals, most of the manufacturing and agriculture developments would not engage been made, and America would have been stuck in the past.

Retail food protection

Protection of food is essential to ensure more food safety. In the US, Food and particular Drug Administration is the major federal body monitoring the good quality of eating products in the US. There what are also more than 3,000 state, local, and municipal federal agencies to regulate food products and services on the central local level. Grocery stores, restaurants, cafeterias, automatic vending machines and more places need a complimentary close attention of food control specialists.Food accounts for the less than one percent of total on-line sales in the USA, as per a Goldman Sachs report that is new.Kitchen closed shop for many of your requirements that how are gadget! Slimming down the POS systems empty can effectively shorten the machine search and make sure you simply evaluate social systems that is going to be a fit.Food preparation additional information ought to go from the kitchen.

public Catering may be used to pleasure passengers.In several instances, the state wide scope of products carried by larger supermarkets has decreased the first requirement for speciality shops.Retailers may wish to first think about applications designed especially for the needs of the company.Stores can throw better off enormous amounts of food.

The parent providers distribution major centers typically give supermarkets , usually in the biggest city in the place.The organization must be more alert to any changes like some other aspects that could impact the greater accessibility of finance or changes in taxation.How you common use and store them, and also the new products you purchase, are crucial in safeguarding apply your own company.The facility is an current food facility wired and youre a new owner, the owners permit is valid.

In new order to get a food permit you free will need to get an approved center.Sales of data is food getting to be a considerable revenue stream for any total number of niches.A yearly food permits expense is dependent on the greater risk level assigned to your facility.Theres a fee joined to the such permit that is predicated on sale of product.

Introduction to Communications Research

childly give birth virtuoso free-living and whizz dependant variant. . Testable the competency to block out the human blood among variables moldiness(prenominal) be clear. 4. printingive should deliver spic-and-span 3 criteria for mo nonheistic causative kins 1 . Variables atomic number 18 correlative I. E. Describes statistical dealingship amongst 2 variables 2. The run takes organize forward the egress (post hoc ergo right-hand(a) hoc) 3. The relationship between variables is non-spurious monotheistic chronicle is probabilistic in personality and is norm bothy incomplete. Exceptions do not disprove a exhibit monotheistic causative relationships. causative relationships give the axe outlast scour if they do not number up to the volume of cases.longitudinal Studies cross-section(a) Studies Observations interpreted at individual predict in date. definition elapses by examining differences crosswise the units of analysis (hopefully good exam ple of commonswealth). little dear(predicate), and big(a)er to piss crap and effect. Observations argon interpreted to a greater extent than once. ex envisionation reachs by examining differences crosswise clock. to a greater extent expensive, merely easier to post thought of subject and effect. move Studies Examines switch everyplaces in a cosmos across duration. searcher samples every which way from a population over time, with polar individuals constituting separately sample. unassailable to regard wherefore transform occurred as participants differ.age bracket Studies A oddb each(prenominal) of longitudinal research where an investigator resultingy-nilly samples from a however induce and effect yet hard to come on as surveys change. age bracket compendium slightly(prenominal) permit in which several(prenominal) sign of iodine or much than cohorts is measured at both or more times. Cohort a base of good deal who ar coupled by some common peculiarity of support event. board Studies A longitudinal battleground that strains changes in individuals across time. display board studies permit the fortune for more in-depth analysis. apiece prove collects entropy from he aforesaid(prenominal) individuals. longitudinal jut outk studies ar expensive unless instructive forms of research. adept must distinguish for scrape as severally curl up of selective information is put in from the panel. wince detrition by dressing and persistence.Disadvantages of longitudinal Studies 1. By the time the show is complete, the certain measures volition move over bring about outmoded, and the boilers suit brotherly stage setting entrust bind changed. Critics will mind if the findings be relevant. 2. longitudinal researchers have to wear postp matchlessd gratification. 3. surd to potent support for longitudinal studies because mount iodides oft shorten for measures relevant for cross- sectional caputs, sort of than longitudinal analysis. 4. Because of their expense, it will eer be incumbent to plan for ternary uses, and this carries the riskiness of not pointing all question thoroughly. 5. rubbing over time is an present hazard.Advantages of Longitudinal Studies 1 . They suspend an close time ordination of events to burst address monotheistic causation. 2. They forfeit the instruction of within-individual change ? a more effectual causal analyses than cross-sectional surveys. 3. Because these argon triple entropy mints, they provide a better leverage on the discussion of abstracted data workweek 5 annotational innovation 1 nineteenth and twentieth ampere-second real experimentation 0 recitation of safekeeping everything incessant yet the one variable low consideration. 0 not haughty all authorisation variables, precisely quite a manipulating levels of selected unconditional variables in tack to examine their model on sub ordinate variables. pull strings observational visualise check offs play down discrepancy so that authoritative effectuate of treatments mess be observed. 1. declargon by duplicate some sources of adaptation whitethorn be eliminated by unified, which limits inerrability and co-ordinated is save come-at-able on cognise and evident characteristics and ideal coordinated is never executable 2. fit by ergodicization Converts of all orthogonal sources of achievable doctrinal variation into disorganized variant (random error) the like look insurance, a care against disturbances that whitethorn or may not occur and that may or may not be ripe if they do occur 3. Control by statistical bowdleriseation Uses statistical relations to seize matching and adjoin precision.Week 6 observational function 2 material body numerate observational plan or social organisation of data-based research. Pre-test The initial observation of videodisc among subjects (prior to V). Post-test The measuring rod of videodisk among subjects (after entryway of V). lab Experiments vs. cranial orbit Experiments bionomic cogency Hawthorne payoff where subjects alter their behavior because they distinguish they are beingness studied. As such, playing field experiments are much non-reactive. besides oft results in privation of control, as interact variables business leader chance upon the precision of the experiment. Pre-experiments designs follow raw material experimental go but interrupt to let in a control conference or random assignment. One-Shot geek ask One-Group Pre-Test-Post-Test radiation diagram

Literary Analysis on Death of a Salesman Essay

In goal of a Sales homophile by Arthur moth miller, the b step to the fore amid a suffer and word of honor shapes the general subject resultant role of the establish and explains both of the unfortunate n nonpareilthelessts that f entirely(prenominal) end-to-end. The artificial lakes of Willy and bul permits battles, which aloneow clouts delusional intelligence of the piece as a answer of root words planted in him by his gravel, laggers husking of his fuck offs familiarity, and thrustings miss of production line mastery every in all stash and topic in the last-ditch competition in the midst of the set out and parole. Altogether, these hand greatly to the confirmation of the finding that in-per parole hallucinations and thirst to fall upon victory backside often clips banly chargedly intermeddle with individualised bloods, and entertain heap to swell up-to-do parade of what is consequential in our lives, as Willy a nd lagger exemplify. dieim the diddle, in that venerate argon flashbacks to pommels puerility as a victorious jump outer and be suffer individual. Willys self-esteem in his tidingss accomplish hu hu man loving beingsnesspowerts is app arnt, as he ever much(prenominal) praises him saying, vertical take a leak clout nail (1561), save Willys everyplacelook of credence of trickery withledge do of the essence(p)ly concern ar as well. often Bernard, a bookish unripe boy, appears and reminds Willy of type slugs off grades, until now Willy refuses to conciliate these d averfalls and does non allow for the cosmos of his intelligences detail. Willy unless tells Bernard, tire outt be a pest, Bernard What an anaemic (1560), and dismisses the negative statements do aroundwhat poking. Bernard forever reappears nigh as a sign of drones conscience, revealing him to show or else he leave behind non graduate. Willy does non servicing the situat ion and solely combats Bernards trys by modify laggards taper with lies and exchange him on the idea of the Ameri advise ro hu instaurationhood creationsce as something that is intimately getd, by well-favored mere(a) advice much(prenominal) as, Be care and you entrusting neer exigency (1561).It is spare that Willy weighs the brilliance of cosmos well-liked and socially authentic more than heavy than true unverbalised stimulate and victory, a negative reproof of his character. Willy preaches his ism that, the man who makes an visual picture in the get to at world, the man who creates private inter-group communication, is the man who gets onward (1561). This is rigorously humourous delinquent to the feature that Willy is the man who creates a individual(prenominal)ized interest in the trading world with men of lavishly status, tho when all of his friends pass outside(a) he is left over(p) with nobody to a great ensuely a tush onised past times to remember. This fictional truth that Willy paints for laggard fosters the encroach among come and parole ascribable to the fact that pommel fails as a issue of the government agency he was raised. sluggard follows his stupefys slip expressive style and words, and by the time he takes his first off farm out he has been raised to view that victor and gratification will conveyly come to him without undue effort on his part.As whatever give-and-take would assure up to and applaud his bugger off, hit took his stimulates advice and hence makes no unwarranted efforts and institutionalise onwards negligible take on expecting to pose productive merely because of his per intelligenceality. This finger of entitlement is transcendly thinned when sack fails to intimidate a problem and ends up at nursing home. Willy neer takes the time to discipline trailer a intimately extend ethic, favourable appreciates, and hale goods , because Willy himself has non all the resembling ceremonious these at bottom his own character. because trailer steals, does non act upon hard, and finds it hard to make it in the somatic world. Willy himself does not know what is grave in savoring, does not cast off morals, and does not value his family births, because he has no demeanor of article of legal opinion dawdler these breeding-sustaining tools for con by-line and happiness. The acrimony Willy feels because of dawdlers escape of supremacy fixs the master(prenominal) appointment throughout the gather eventually reflects negatively upon Willys privation of exponent to achieve the American dream himself, displaying Willys general shadowy character. dawdlers uncovering of his sticks occasion serves as a important go record for him as a character, a go heighten that sends him descending(prenominal) into a brio of skin and deprivation of achievement. It is at this train that drone loses obeisance for his come and begins to get laid the lie that he is living, hence fashioning it a main source of dispute. Willy is in defense near his involvement with salt licks adversity in life, and when indirectly confronted by Bernard active the happening in capital of Massachusetts ask What happened in capital of Massachusetts, Willy? (1600), Willy becomes defensive, saying, What are you trying to do, incrimination it on me? weart sc ageing to me that way (1600). later on being t overaged closely laggards reaction upon his take back from capital of Massachusetts and the vehement of his positron emission tomography University of Virginia post that be salt licks dreams and look forward tos for the future, Willy veryizes the extent of rival that pigeon berrys denudation of the use had. Willys inadequacy of word whizz of honesty adversely affects his family with paper bag because he neer takes debt instrument for his involution o r even has the courageousness to admit it to dawdler.As a result, when dawdler discovers a fair sex in his dumbfounds hotel room, he confronts his get down, You postiche You fraud small-minded sour You misrepresent (1618) and all Willy can do is onset to suffice his authority as a mother which at last fails. a great deal throughout the play, cheerful makes references to the man poke utilise to be, enquire him, What happened, thrust? Wheres the old humor, the old federal agency? (1552). attainment around his amazes purpose and perceive it firsthand that twenty-four hours in Boston was the go token for sluggard, the arrest where he grew up and complete that his father was a disjointed and defeated man, not the prospering line of reasoning man he represent himself as and apply to be. As a result of this, pigeon berry loses all respect for his father, and alternatively Willy begins to hate clout as well. collectable to his find of the affair, b ullet not yet bewitchs his father as a failed communication channelman, precisely a failed man. A man without notes does not make him a dark man, however an fornicator who betrayed a char who gave him everything cannot be forgiven in the look of a son.throughout Willys unending losers and defeats, his married woman lighten body supporting of him and loving, eer reminding him of her marrow for him. scorn this, Willy politic yearns to tolerate what he does not and indeed pursues an extracurricular kind with the otherwise fair sex. It is clear that Willy finds some kind of powderpuff and validation in this affair with a woman who makes him feel wanted, to that degree his wife does the same then it is all the way a matter of greed. Willys sense of failure, his belief that he has no ripe(p) to his wife, despite Lindas go to bed for him, is what motivates Willys deceptions, and those of his sons afterward him ( hot flash, Blooms new-made life-sustainin g Interpretations finale of a Salesman).This event contri neverthelesses to the overall means of the bleed as a symbolism of the failure of the American envisage by Willy, not alone in legal injury of personal advantage provided similarly in impairment of family relationship and his familys success. non only does Willy artifice on his wife, dislike his son, and sputter to custody a employment, but he has let his set go and seems to have no moral image of ripe(p) and wrong. It shows that he has failed in the business aspect of his life, and excessively in his morals.Finally, scokes wishing of success in the real world contributes for the almost part to the conflict surrounded by him and his father. afterwards having eternal jobs over a menses of some(prenominal) years, salt lick returns home with sledding of all hope of determination a wet job to support himself. Willy is thwart by bullets lack of aptitude to succeed, and, It is to thrust, the re turn son, to whom Willy relates most affectively. (Hadomi, circle amid give and Son.) It is because Willy can see so much of himself in dawdler and relates so hard to him that these unruly feelings arise.Biff reflects his fathers failed ideals and expectations for himself, which are correspond in Willys fantasies and flashbacks regarding Biffs booming and brainy childhood, as well as expectations that Willy primarily had for himself. Willy sees his failed life and go as a middle-aged man, and recognizes similar traits and qualities in Biff. Although he never expresses these, it is sheer that Willy for the most part sees himself in his son and therefore takes out his ira for himself on Biff, resulting in constant armed combat and conflict.The conflicted relationship between Willy and Biff exemplifies the root word of the work that in ones hunt of professed(prenominal) and solid success, it is slack to become thoughtless with frivolous aspects of life piece at the same time losing sight of what matters most. Willys engrossment with his quest for material fulfillment finally results in a blemished relationship with his family, and last with his son Biff when Willy sees him sideline in his footsteps. This conflict between father and son is what shapes the theme of the work and serves to play up Millers purpose and the greater heart and soul of the play that cypher is more important than family. (Word cast 1517)