Mozart, Don Giovanni Act I Excerpt From Opening Scene (...

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Giovanni Act I: Excerpt from Opening Scene (1787). Don Giovani Act I: Excerpt from Opening Scene, composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. This opera appeared at the original National Theatre in Prague on October 29, 1787. Don Giovanni is a seductive but ruthless nobleman who will stop at nothing to satisfy his sexual appetite. Don Giovanni’s comic servant, Leporello, is a grumbling accomplice who dreams of being in his master’s place. In this excerpt the Don attempts to rape a young noblewoman, Donna Anna; her father, the Commendatore (Commandant), challenges him to a duel. Don Giovanni kills the old man. (Kamien, 2015) Scene one and the opening scene, is Don Giovanni is attempting to seduce a woman Donna Anna, while his servant Leporello is keeping watch outside, but complaining of his position as a servant, in F major which is his main key, using a march rhythm. The orchestral introduction is molto allegro; with sudden fortes. The strings remain constant, creating agitation but moves to violas and second violas marking the end of Andante, transforming into an open Allegro. (The Metropolitan Opera Guild, 2016) Leporello sings in a light staccato comic aria, bass sings in a rapid fire patter and in one note. Moving to the next interaction, are lyrical passages ornamented, as heard in the two trios, Donna Anna with Don Giovanni in the form ABB. Both are singing alternative and then imitative lines. (Hung, J.,

Essay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero - 956 Words

Macbeth is a Tragic Hero Shakespeares tragic hero is a man of noble birth who falls from a position of honor and respect due to a flaw in his character. He freely chooses a course of action which ultimately causes him suffering and brings him to a fatal end.(Campbell 129) Macbeth is the epitome of a tragic hero who rises high then falls rock bottom to his death. Macbeth, once a noble man, follows the advice of witches, finds himself King, abuses his power and then gets killed. Macbeth goes through four stages until he reaches the end of his life; his original state, his tragic flaw, his downfall and finally his suffering. These four stages help to justify Shakespeares tragic hero. Macbeths original†¦show more content†¦In the wake of King Duncans murder, Macbeth is well liked and treated with respect by the people, but this soon changes as his character starts to shatter with the amount of power on his hands. In this second stage of Macbeths life, we find him to be stronger, yet he does not use his strength and bravery to good use. His new found strength mixes with his paranoia and his appetite for power creating him into a tyrant king. Macbeths next wrong turn is calling on murderers to kill Banquo because of fears that Banquos children will hold the throne. He calls the murderers with no fear and no worries. This time making the decision to kill Banquo on his own without the coaxing of Lady Macbeth. Without mentioning it to Lady Macbeth, the murderers carry on killing Banquo while Macbeth goes on. Yet, something is not right with Macbeth. This new found bravery and power in his character has turned into a flaw on Macbeths part. He is suddenly struck with guilt and overwhelming paranoia at his party as Banquos ghost makes an appearance to haunt Macbeth. Avaunt, and quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee. Thy bones are marrowless; they blood is cold; Thou hast no speculation in those eyes which thou dost glare with (3.4.113-116). Macbeth turns into a king who is afraid of losing his power and being found out of killing both Duncan and Banquo. Macbeth tells himself that in order to keep his power he must kill anyone who gets in his way and that is what heShow MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero623 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares Macbeth follows the journey of nobleman Macbeth that starts with him as Thane of Glamis and ends with him as King of Scotland. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he possesses all the traits that Aristotle outlined in his poetics. He said that the tragic hero must be a man that is higher than mortal worth, but has tragic flaws. Aristotle also stated that the flaws will lead to great suffering and usually death; the cause being fateRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth2662 Words   |  11 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth Two and a half thousand years ago, Aristotle defined a tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude. Two thousand years later, Shakespeare reincarnated this and other classical principles in the form of his four great tragedies; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. Aristotle laid down some elements which he and other classical theorists seemed to think necessaryRead More Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero Essay examples872 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle defined a tragic character is a man who â€Å"falls into misfortune through some flaw. 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In Shakespeare’s tragic play, Macbeth, the character of Macbeth is consistent with Aristotles definition of the tragic hero.    Aristotles tragic hero is a man who is characterized by good and evil. He is a mixture of good characteristics and bad characteristics. For example, Macbeth was an honorable Thane of Glamis. He was a valiant fighterRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play The play ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare charts the rise and fall of the Scottish general Macbeth, through a tale of treachery, deceit and death. First performed in 1606 ‘Macbeth’ is inspired by a story of the Scottish monarchy. A tragic hero is one who at the outset is not wholly good or bad but has a character fault that causes them to make tragic mistakes resulting in their eventual downfall. ‘Macbeth’ is a renaissance

Impact of Evidence Based Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Evidence Based Decision Making. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted the impact of the evidence based decision making in case of the decision making of health service management executives. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the rise in the evidence based decision making in health care can highlight how the policymakers and the managers make decisions. As per the statement of Boyd, Vollenweider Puhan (2012), evidence based decision making is a procedure regarding the policy or practice, which is assumed to be relevant for the health care organisation. In this context, it can be stated that many proponents of evidence based decision making is depending upon the perceived development of the evidence based medicine. This type of decision making is also very important in order to taking of decision about structure and the finance health services. In the words of Jacobs et al., (2012), evidence based decision making is based upon the measurement of several cultural environment and on the decision making procedure of the clinical as well as the managers of the health care organisations. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the evidence based decision making is required to translate for the sake of the managers. In this purpose, Rousseau (2012) added that the Centre for Health Management Research is necessary for connecting the managers and the executives of the health care organisation together. As a result, it can be stated that the evidence based decision making is able to promote the importance evidence in case of the managerial decision making process. According to Baker Welner (2012), it can be mentioned that it highlights the connection between the cause and the effects. Therefore, it can be predicted that the managers are highly confident about their decisions as these decisions will lead to the desired outcomes. On the other hand, it can be stated that the degree of structure evidence based decision making process will be helpful in order to analyse and create working environment. On the contrary, Rousseau (2012) argued that evidence based decision making is not always able to be measured completely; therefore, the analysis is not neutral always. Moreover, it can be mentioned that evidence based decision making is a higher time consuming activity and it also takes higher cost. In this purpose, Baker Welner (2012) put that due to the presence of law enforcers, this type of policy takes greater time. Furthermore, in order to accumulate information and conduct the research, it includes higher costs. Conclusion This study has highlighted the evidence based decision making process in case of the strategic decision making of health service management executives. This study has also discussed the pros and cons of the evidence based decision making process in this context. References Baker, B., Welner, K. G. (2012). Evidence and rigor scrutinizing the rhetorical embrace of evidence-based decision making.Educational Researcher,41(3), 98-101. Boyd, C. M., Vollenweider, D., Puhan, M. A. (2012). Informing evidence-based decision-making for patients with comorbidity: availability of necessary information in clinical trials for chronic diseases.PloS one,7(8), e41601. Jacobs, J. A., Clayton, P. F., Dove, C., Funchess, T., Jones, E., Perveen, G., ... Deshpande, A. D. (2012). A survey tool for measuring evidence-based decision making capacity in public health agencies.BMC health services research,12(1), 1. Rousseau, D. M. (2012). Envisioning evidence-based management.

Business Organisation

Question: Discuss the different areas of law that emerge from these facts. Be sure to explain who may take legal action and what remedies and penalties could be applied. Cases and statutes should be used. Answer: Every business organisation of the modern scenario performs operations within a composite regulatory and a legal framework. The legal as well as the regulatory requirements generally originate from certain key sources such as self-regulatory arrangements (Vickery and Flood 2011, p. xvi). One of these self-regulatory arrangements is compliance, which is defined as the capability to perform any action according to a sequence of rules, order or request (International Compliance Association n.d.). The fundamental concept behind compliance in business law lies in the fact that an organisation should meet applicable legal regulations and/or principles while performing its daily operational functions. This may support the organisation to minimise the risk of breaking the law and maintaining business goodwill for a longer span of time (Vickery and Flood 2011, pp. xvi-xvii). Based on the provided information, a seafood restaurant, operating in Sydney wishes to be named as the Great Catch. Therefore, in this essay, certain key areas of law and compliance in Australia will be analysed and discussed that will be highly significant in understanding the stated business operations of the restaurant. Key Areas of Law Compliance in Australia Business registration, licenses and taxation are certain key areas of law and compliance that need to be considered by an organisation while operating in Australia (Townsend 2003, pp. 26-28; NSW Government n.d.). A firm operating as a business name or a registered company in Australia is ought to comply with the corporate laws and adhere to norms mentioned in the Business Names Registration Act 2011. Depending on the nature of the businesses, organisations are required to acquire valid licenses under the above stated Act while performing a business in Australia (Federal Register of Legislation 2011). The organisations should meet various tax requirements such as business registrations, expenditures along with reporting incomes, operational records and payroll tax obligations when conducting a business within the boundaries of Australia (NSW Government n.d.). For instance, a business operating in Australia needs to follow the legal statute of Australian Business Number (ABN) Act for payment of taxes (Federal Register of Legislation 2011). The other key areas of law and compliance that may help a business in performing successfully in Australia are the possession of a registered office along with a principal business place. The disclosure of personal information related to the Directors in a detailed manner as per the legal authorities directives along with maintaining all the financial records and/or documents effectively are also certain legal perspectives to be adhered by the business entity. Apart from these, the other key areas of law and compliance that must be considered by a business while operating in Australia include the payment of relevant fees to the Australian Securities Investments Commission (ASIC), notifying them while making any sort of alternation in business such as transferring business ownership (ASIC 2016). Major Areas of Australian Law and Compliance in Relation to the Given Business Operations Certain key areas relating to Australian law and compliance are required to be covered in order to give a new name or call a business entity by a particular name. With regard to the already existing seafood restaurant, which is operating in Sydney, similar perspectives need to be considered. Initially, the restaurant business will have to inform ASIC for giving a new name to it i.e., the Great Catch. Based on the legal regulations of ASIC, a new business name after registration is available only if it is dissimilar to a name, which has already been registered to for some other body of business. Additionally, the new name will not be available to a business if it includes the words such as consumer, trustee or bank (1ASIC 2016). After selecting the name of the seafood restaurant i.e. the Great Catch, a meeting will be convened with the shareholders, wherein a resolution will be passed to give a new name to the stated business. The restaurant business is also required to lodge Form 205 (Notification of resolution) including every detail of the resolution by paying $366 as the lodgement fee (1ASIC 2016). The seafood restaurant falls under the criterion of food business, which deals with handling any sort of food that is suitable to eat and safe from any health hazard. It is the Food Act 1984, which stipulated that a food business such as the seafood restaurant should keep its food premises clean and ensure that the food products are prepared as well as sold to the customers safely. A restaurant operating in Bendigo, Australia was imposed with fines as a penalty for breaching the above stated Act and Food Standards Code as well (John Wiley Sons, Inc n.d.). The primary legal compliance of the seafood business operating in Sydney lies in following Chapter 3 of Standard 4.2.1, which determines suitability and safety of seafood from the pre-harvesting production phase to the retail sale stage. Under this particular Chapter and Standard, a seafood restaurant business should recognise potential seafood safety hazards and execute controls that successfully deal with these hazards. Clause 6 of the stated Standard sets out a major area of compliance, which is deemed to be highly significant to the operations of the seafood restaurant business (Food Standards Australia New Zealand 2006). Clause 6 of Standard 4.2.1 states that a seafood business operating in any mode should store seafood under adequate temperature control so that its safety as well as suitability can be maintained. On the other hand, Clause 8 of the stated Standard sets out the fact that a seafood restaurant business must comply with those packaging materials that are deemed to be fit for its intended use. It also depicts that the business should use the packaging materials that are not expected to cause seafood contamination, affecting the health of its consumers (Food Standards Australia New Zealand 2006). According to Clause 13 of Standard 4.2.1, a seafood restaurant business is ought to implement individual health as well as hygiene practices that are efficient enough towards mitigating risks of food safety and maintaining suitability of seafood. In order to ensure that the above stated practices are not affected, the stated business must ensure that the handlers of the food products possess the required skills in maintaining adequate standards of food hygiene and safety (Food Standards Australia New Zealand 2006). Conclusion From the above analysis and discussion, it is evident that the seafood restaurant business should comply with appropriate laws and compliances while operating in Sydney. For instance, it has to follow the legal guidelines, as mentioned in Business Names Registration Act 2011, for calling or changing the business name to Great Catch after registration. In order to fulfil the desire of calling the business by the stated name after registration, initially, it should be informed to the authoritative body of ASIC. The Food Act 1984 and various Clauses of Standard 4.2.1 are certain key areas of law and compliance that should be followed by the seafood restaurant in order to ensure suitability and safety of seafood served to the people. Overview A consumer is an individual who purchases goods and/or services that satisfy certain conditions including the cost of the goods and/or services amount to $40, 000 or less and purchase those goods and/or services for either individual or household purpose (Vickery and Flood 2011, p. 7). Based on the given scenario, both Manny and Bella can be regarded as a single consumer, as they together purchased a new pizza oven for $15,000 from Tuscan Ovens Pty Ltd for their restaurant business. However, after the delivery of the new pizza oven, Manny and Bella decided to refer it as the MB Oven rather than mentioning the real registered name i.e. Tuscan XX. Following the installation of the new oven, they discovered that the oven is unreliable, as it is not able to cook sufficient pizzas as promised by the dealer of the oven. In this situation, Tuscan is also not ready to discuss any complaint about the product from Manny and Bella. Therefore, in this discussion, the different areas of law, legal actions and possible remedies along with penalties that could be applied in the above stated case will be analysed. Areas of Law that Emerge From the Given Facts The distinct areas of law that emerge from the given facts include The Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA), comprising of the Australian Consumer Law (ACL), Fair Trading Acts and Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) (Vickery and Flood, 2011, pp. 21-24). Under Fair Trading Acts and Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA), businesses operating in Australia are not permitted to make incorrect statements or disclose facts that generate a fake notion. This rule is applied to the businesses during the time of advertising a product, packaging any good and information provided to the customers by the staff members. In precise, according to Fair Trading Acts and Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA), any business operating in Australia should not make false claims regarding the style or the quality of a particular product and/or service, sponsorship of goods and the accessibility of spare parts or repair capabilities (ACCC n.d.). The fact mentioned in the given information clearly depicts that Manny and Bella who carry out a pizza business in the city have been involved in committing an unfair practice of creating a false and misrepresentation of the products brand name. This is because both Manny and Bella decided to refer the newly purchased pizza oven as the MB oven and not mentioning the real registered name i.e. Tuscan XX. These decisions of Manny and Bella primarily reflect making false or misleading representations about the stated product i.e. pizza oven in the area of standard or quality (Vickery and Flood 2011, p. 21). The above decisions of Manny and Bella clearly indicate breaching the regulations of Fair Trading Acts and Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) by generating a misleading impression in the customers mind (ACCC n.d.). Explanation about Taking Legal Actions and the Application of Relevant Remedies and Penalties According to the given information, Manny and Bella found that the new pizza oven is unreliable after its installation, as it can cook 12 pizzas only on an hourly basis, thereby not satisfying their requirements. It is obvious that Tuscan will not discuss any complaint from Manny and Bella regarding the unreliable nature of the product, as they decided to refer it as the MB oven and hiding its real registered name i.e. Tuscan XX. Under the regulations of Fair Trading Acts and Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA), the above decisions made by Manny and Bella completely breached the law, as these created a false or a misleading impression on the end users. In this situation, Tuscan may take legal action against Manny and Bella for falsely referring the new pizza oven as the MB oven and hiding the real registered name of Tuscan XX. A similar case of Hartnell v Sharp Corporation of Australia Pty Ltd can be taken into consideration for discussing the issue wherein the company i.e. Sharp was convicted under the Trade Practices Act 1974 for fake representation. The representation as made by the company was that its microwave ovens have been experimented as well as endorsed by the Standards Association of Australia (Association for Consumer Research 2016). In the case of Hartnell v Sharp, Sharp was fined for $100,000 due to the conviction of false misrepresentation of the statement that its microwave ovens were tested and certified by the authoritative body of the Standards Association of Australia (Adams 2002, p. 28). Under the lawful regulations of ACL, any civil and/or criminal breach can result in imposing fines of up to $1.1 million for the business corporations. The remedies, as per ACL, that relate to the above stated context are creation of orders for corrective advertising and injunctions among others (Vickery and Flood 2011 p. 34). With regard to the case of Manny and Bella as well as Tuscan, monetary penalties could be applied and the amount may range from $0.5 to $1 million. Moreover, one of the remedies relevant to this case could be generating orders for corrective advertising so that false representation of advertising is avoided in further instances. The aforementioned monetary policies and remedies are applicable in the case of Manny and Bella and Tuscan based on the grounds of falsely advertising the new pizza oven by referring it as the MB oven and hiding the real registered name of Tuscan XX. Summary From the above analysis and discussion, certain law areas including Fair Trading Acts, ACL and Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) emerge from the facts mentioned in the case of Manny and Bella and Tuscan. The decisions made by Manny and Bella such as referring the new pizza oven purchased from Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd as the MB oven and not mentioning the real registered name of Tuscan XX apparently showcases their conduct of unfair practice in the form of false advertisement of the product. By referring to the similar case of Hartnell v Sharp, Tuscan can take legal actions against Manny and Bella wherein monetary penalties of minimum $0.5 million and the remedy of creating order for corrective advertising could be applied. This order of corrective advertisement may refrain Manny and Bella from advertising a product for a certain period of time, unless they correct the misleading impression created by them in the customers minds. References ASIC 2016, Compliance for small business - Small business-knowing your legal requirements-companies, Australian Securities and Investments Commission, viewed 6 June 2016, https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/small-business/compliance-for-small-business/small-business-knowing-your-legal-requirements-companies/. 1ASIC 2016, Small business-changing a company name, Australian Securities and Investments Commission, viewed 6 June 2016, https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/small-business/compliance-for-small-business/small-business-changing-a-company-name/. ACCC No Date, False or misleading claims, Australian Competition Consumer Commission, viewed 6 June 2016, https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/misleading-claims-advertising/false-or-misleading-claims#creating-a-false-or-misleading-impression. Association for Consumer Research 2016, The role of standards authorities in consumer decision making in western Australia, ACR, viewed 6 June 2016, https://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=12110. Adams, M 2002, Essential corporate law: Second edition, Cavendish Australia, Victoria. Australian law reform commission No Date, 39. small business exemption, Australian Government, viewed 7 June 2016, https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/39.%20Small%20Business%20Exemption/compliance-costs. Beaton-Wells, C Fisse, B 2011, Australian cartel regulation: Law, policy and practice in an international context, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Food Standards Australia New Zealand 2006, Division 2 Seafood safety requirements, Safe Seafood Australia, pp. 6-9. Federal Register of Legislation 2011, Registering a business name, Business Names Registration Act 2011, pp. 30-39. International Compliance Association No Date, What is compliance, ICA, viewed 6 June 2016, https://www.int-comp.org/careers/a-career-in-compliance/what-is-compliance/. John Wiley Sons, Inc No Date, Responsibilities created by local government, Legal Requirements of Small Businesses Offering Goods and Services, p. 246. Mattock, J 2014, Doing business in Australia for China: How to invest in Australia for Chinese, Australia China Business Alliance, Australia. Nolan, J L 1996, Australia business: The portable encyclopedia for doing business with Australia, World Trade Press, Lindberg. NSW Government No Date, Key compliance areas for small businesses, NSW Small Business Commissioner, viewed 6 June 2016, https://www.smallbusiness.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/82609/12321_sbc-fast-fact-sheet-key-compliance_v3.pdf. Townsend, P 2003, Small business and the law, Pascal Press, New South Wales. Vickery, R Flood, M A 2011, Australian business law: Compliance practice, Pearson Australia, Victoria.

The FRESH-Thinking Project Essay Example

The FRESH-Thinking Project Paper The FRESH-Thinking Project is made up of physicians, health insurance executives, hospital administrators, economists and other experts and interest groups, representing a diverse crowd who held a number of workshops and agreed on several recommendations they say are essential for health-care reform to be successful. They recommend that in-order for insurance exchanges to be efficient and competitive on cost and value, they all must have standardized packages. How these packages are designed will require technical details so an independent board should be set up to make options available for these packages and Congress and the administration could accept or reject these. The packages will detail what the base coverage the employer based plans must have to be eligible for tax exclusions. Individuals should have options to purchase packages with more coverage  (Emanuel, April 7, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on The FRESH-Thinking Project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The FRESH-Thinking Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The FRESH-Thinking Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What Mr. Obama’s bill has proposed is a fifteen member board made up of experts that will essentially take away some of Congress’s authority to set Medicare policies.   The board will be selected by the administration and confirmed by the Senate and each member will serve a six year term. The appointees will be chosen due to their expertise in finance, health-care and economics. The function of the board will be to develop a strategy of program cuts if Medicare costs go above predetermined levels, and its’ recommendations will go into effect unless Congress and the White House agree on substitute plans which yield equal savings. While the board will not be allowed to increase insurance premiums or decrease benefits, it would have at its mercy the payments to doctors, pharmaceutical companies and insurance companies. This part of the bill has upset a lot of drug makers, and lobbyists for doctors to mention just a few. The purpose of the board is to cut spending in medical insurance for the aged, because Medicare and Medicaid spending is expected to grow by 7 percent each year in the next ten years. Hospitals too will be facing payment cuts. Interest groups like the American Medical Association and the Pharmaceutical Research and manufacturers of America are bothered by the board’s vast authority to make substantial changes to the Medicare system without any challenge by the Congress  (Faler, 2010). While it is recommended that individuals have options as to which of the packages they wish to choose the bill will force people to get their care through something called â€Å"medical home.† A primary doctor will be assigned and he will control your access to specialists. All freedom to choose anything is removed.

How to Get the Most Out of a Five Paragraph Essay Sample

How to Get the Most Out of a Five Paragraph Essay SampleIn order to get a five paragraph essay sample, you have to first know exactly what the steps are for writing a five paragraph essay. This article will give you tips on how to write one, as well as tips on how to get the most out of it.The first thing you have to do is to make a search on the Internet to look for a five paragraph essay. There are thousands of these essays available. By looking through the results, you can narrow down the ones that you will like best.When searching for the right essay, you need to get as much information as possible. You have to be able to identify the key ideas of the essay. You also have to look at the theme, and decide whether you want to go in more or less for the themes. What are your style, as well as how much information you want to include.Before you actually start writing the essay, you should research the theme of the article. What is the main topic of the article? Does it cover the same topics as the five-paragraph essay sample, or should it be different?Also, you need to think about the style and theme of the article. You should have ideas on the style for the essay, as well as if you would want to stick with that particular theme, or you can switch to something else. You also need to think about the question that will be asked in the essay.If you are using the main points, then you can just list those points. However, if you want to add some details, then you need to look up the key words you need to use to include those details. This will help you by being able to focus on the main points of the essay.Writing the essay is a good idea. However, it is also important to consider the search engine result, as well as the search keyword, so that you can get the most out of the essay. The search engine result can give you additional ideas and tips on how to write the essay.

Legalization of Prostitution

Legalization of Prostitution Free Online Research Papers Prostitution: Ethics to Legitimize the Business Many people find the ethical considerations of the death penalty to be highly controversial. However, another highly controversial topic is the legalization of prostitution. Considering my knowledge on this subject and talking to average women who aren’t prostitutes, I’ve come to the conclusion that prostitution should be legalized. The courts and the police have more to contend with than two adult people having consensual sex. Prostitution has a long and interesting history. It’s mentioned in numerous texts and often referred to as the oldest profession. Indeed, it has always been a common way for women to make money, even in biblical times. It wasn’t until Christianity and the Bible condemned prostitution within versus such as Proverbs 23:27-28, â€Å"For a prostitute is a deep pit and a wayward wife is a narrow well. Like a bandit she lies in wait, and multiplies the unfaithful among men. Basically, prostitutes were shunned for their corruption of married men as a moral conflict. Historically, it was common to trade women for property, pleasure and used as alliances between countries and kingdoms. A person can be against prostitution all he or she wants to, but the fact remains that prostitution happened in the past and will continue to happen in the future. It’s a common act of th e sexes where biological needs can out way monetary cost and societal norm ethical barriers. The business minded culture would call this supply and demand and the blue collar worker would call it an honest day’s work for an honest days pay. Either way, it’s not that legitimate kingdoms or governments have not recognized prostitution throughout history, but it appears that they merely renamed and justified it into something legitimate. History also reminds us that in many ancient cultures, female prostitution was an accepted profession for many women, especially those who could not earn a living any other way husbands killed in war or died from laboring. It wasnt until the church especially the Christian church decided that sex was bad and that prostitution became a sordid form of employment. Even then, on and off, prostitution and brothels enjoyed varying levels of acceptance in the public eye. Some cities and towns had entire red light districts where brothels were, if not welcomed, at least tolerated, so long as the owners and management made their donations to the local law enforcement. Thus, while strictly illegal, the proliferation of prostitution enabled police corruption to flourish as well. The roots of prostitution may be more evolutionary than previously thought stemming from hereditary instincts of our long forgotten ancestry. A study was conducted in 2003 by Michael Gumert, of the Division of Psychology of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore which was accepted for publication in the journal Animal Behavior (Dec, 2007). In his study of the macaque monkeys he discovered that the amount of grooming a male performs on a female prior to a sexual interaction is related to the supply/demand ratio of females per male and males to females at the time of the grooming. Here’s where that â€Å"supply and demand† or â€Å"an honest day’s work for an honest day’s pay† philosophy comes into play. Basically, male monkeys especially lower status ones have to groom more and longer to get some female action when there are fewer females around. Gumert, analyzed a wild population of long-tailed macaques at Tanjung Puting National Park in Indonesia, from 2003 to 2005. Dr. Gumert analyzed the long-tailed macaques from 2003 to 2005 located at the Tanjung Putting National Park in Indonesia. There he documented 243 male-to-female grooming sessions, most of which were directed at females who were receptive to mating. The grooming before sex bouts lasted anywhere from a few seconds to a half hour or more, with the durations frequently linked to either the number of potential other partners or to the status of the groomer or recipient. Accordingly he found that the rank or status of the male did not remove the set standard but only skewed it. The monkeys who were considered a higher status would take more and give less than low-status monkeys. This suggested that such corruption of the fair trade ideal appears to be an inherent facet of primate social life that can apply to everything from monkey sex to, quoting Mr. Gumert, â€Å"human politics†. He also found that females with higher status also skewed the system because, in the case of macaques, they demand more attention before they agree to mate. Just like Homo sapiens, the males often have their work cut out for them, but would try to flirt first with the females, using facial gestures before they approach. This reminds me of when I mastered the gift of gab to attract women. Just like the monkeys, talking and grooming was cheaper than getting them drunk and also shortened the courting/mating ritual. I asked a few women privately about this paper and my chosen topic and, interestingly, 4 our 5 thought it was o.k. for women to exchange sex for money stating that it was their body and they can do with it as they please. I offered fifty dollars to the ones I knew fairly well, but they all said I better bring my check book. The females believed that legalized prostitution would also have some safe and healthy advantages for anyone who chooses to have that kind of working lifestyle. With government intervention legalization would create a set of standards where there would be fewer cases of people contracting STDs and other communicable diseases. I will discuss this later in my research paper. In western society, there has typically been a double standard, two-faced attitude towards prostitution. Men who publicly voiced disgust against prostitution and declared integrity and goodness, such as Eliot Spitzer, were also men who were the prime customers of many madams and prostitutes. It seems that when prostitution is illegal, standards for cleanliness and safety are difficult to carry out or enforce, and also lead to the rise of pimps to manage and control the individual prostitute, paying off the police and controlling their areas. When prostitution is legalized and regulated through standards, the women are usually safer and cleaner; there are no payoffs with no fighting for control of areas. Given this, there are parts of Nevada that contain legal brothels where regulation is strictly controlled and there are no epidemics of disease or public outcry against the brothels. Since prostitution is one of the oldest professions in history, we can expect it to continue and, with the advent of the internet, continue unhindered. Much like illegal drugs it can only be slowed down by fractions of a percent. No matter how much a person is against prostitution, consensual sex for profit between adults will continue to occur as long as men and women have two body parts that are made to fit together. Get rid of those private parts and you can eradicate most of the issue. The current perception of prostitution is a pimp controlling several women by abusing them physically, mentally and forcing them into a sex for money situation against their will. In contrast to this belief, I found out in Houston, Texas, working a police contract job at the intersection of Hornwood Drive and Tarnef Drive, that many prostitutes no longer have pimps. While contracted to work traffic control for a Mosque located at the intersection I noticed early that many women walked this ar ea and there was virtually nothing there but the Mosque and some apartments. I confronted a couple of the prostitutes and spoke to a local beat officer named Conner who regularly arrests them. It was at this point and to my surprise that I found out the prostitutes walking the area have no pimps, are free lance and that they are nomadic. They surf special prostitute websites and instant message each other looking for the safest and best money making locations within the U.S. This explained why I would see different hookers nearly every day of the week they rotated out. How did they get to a small street like Hornwood near a mosque? Many of the prostitutes watch the news on television, surf the internet and follow special events, especially large ones, around the country where they can increase their ability to make the most money. This takes prostitution to a new level without even touching Craigslist yet. When the 2004 Super bowl was held in Houston hundreds of prostitute s arrived. These women found out that the money was so good in Texas that they decided to stay informing their female counterparts via the web. The direction of prostitution appears to be taking slow gradual turn towards legalization. Even though it is considered non-acceptable by most states the cry for freedom in the bedroom have more courts and legislators taking a more relaxed stance with court decisions such as People v. Freeman (1988), Oregon v. Ciancanelli (2003), and Lawrence v. Texas (2003). In 1988, the government took a unique stance which helped define prostitution. This first case involves the state of California where an arrest was made comparing pornography as illegal as prostitution. In the case of People v. Freeman, 46 Cal. 3d 419 (1988), Harold Freeman hired and paid actors and actresses to perform in an erotic film, titled â€Å"Caught from Behind, Part II.† His claim was that as a part of their roles, the performers engaged in various sexually explicit acts, including sexual intercourse, oral copulation and sodomy to make the DVD. Freeman was charged and convicted on five counts of â€Å"pandering† as â€Å"procurement of persons for the purpose of prostitution† under the California Penal Code. However in the California Supreme Court’s review they noted that in order for there to be â€Å"pandering,† there must be â€Å"prostitution.† Prostitution defined under California law is â€Å"any lewd act between persons for money or other consideration.† It was argued that since the performers engaged in sexual acts in front of movie cameras â€Å"for the money they received,† they were engaged in prostitution, and accordingly Mr. Freeman was engaged in â€Å"procuring† them for prostitution. Ultimately, the question was raised since it was illegal to pay a prostitute for sex; then it should be illegal for a film director to pay two people to have sex in front of a camera and then make money for his product in the form of a DVD or an online download. However, The California Supreme Court noted that for an act to constitute prostitution, â€Å"the genitals, buttocks, or female breast, of either the prostitute or the customer must come in contact with some part of the body of the other for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification of the customer or of the prostitute.† They concluded since the payment of the â€Å"acting fees† were the only payment, there was no evidence that any payment was made for the purpose of sexual gratification. The court started with the correct presumption that the film was expressive material, and afforded all the presumptively First Amendment protection. The Court had previously held that it was â€Å"too evident to require elaboration† and that applying criminal penalties to sexual activity in a live theatrical performance â€Å"would have an inhibiting effect upon the exercise of First Amendment rights.† Justice O’Connor noted that the state might have had a right to appeal had the California Supreme Court decided the case solely on First Amendment grounds. However, the decision was based on two independent rationales statutory and First Amendment. Even if the Supreme Court were to review the California Supreme Court’s decision and find that the state court had misapplied the First Amendment, on remand the California Supreme Court would still have reversed the conviction on statutory grounds. Accordingly, the opinion of the court was that this case was over one way or the other because the decision is not binding upon any other state. The California Supreme Court decision only binds and applies to the State of California. Oregon has had its own encounter with defining prostitution which addressed live sex shows. In Oregon v. Ciancanelli (2003), the Oregon Supreme Court struck down a state law against conducting live sex shows and a local ordinance regulating conduct of nude dancers as unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of Oregon in a 5-1 decision concluded that statues against live sex shows violate the Oregon Constitutions guarantees of free speech and free expression. The free-expression rulings continued the state courts modern pattern of broadly interpreting state constitutional rights as forbidding nearly all regulation of obscenity. The courts decision gives Oregon a broad protected discretion regarding the interest and approaches to the freedom of expression of any state. Additionally, this decision by the courts will keep many states on edge when deciding what is considered expressive activity. The State of Oregon’s constitution, created in 1859, reads, No law shall be passed restraining the free expression of opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write or print freely on any subject whatever. This verbiage severely limits the state’s ability to enforce lewd type laws. Justice Michael Gillette, who wrote the majority opinion, stated, â€Å"†¦the protection extends to the kinds of expression that a majority of citizens in many communities would dislike - and even to physical acts, such as nude dancing or other explicit sexual conduct that have an expressive component. Basically meaning that freedom of expression is being taken into new areas not dealt with before. The next case is actually involves two lower court rulings that focused on freedom of expression adding strength to the idea that prostitution should be legalized. In 2003 a case went before the Supreme Court with the outcome of the decision affecting a second case with similar circumstances. The first case involved the owner of a Roseburg adult business which featured live sex performances in private rooms. Charles Ciancanelli, who ran the club Angles, was arrested and convicted when undercover police paid women to engage in sexual activities while the officers watched the performance in other rooms of the business. After being arrested for promoting a live sex show, the court upheld Ciancanellis conviction for promoting prostitution but when it reached the U.S. Supreme Court his conviction was tossed. The court’s ruling took Oregon’s free-speech law and substantially expanded it. This ruling also brought into question and doubt as to whether the laws regulating indecency are even constitutionally protected. The Supreme Court intended to limit legislature’s authority to regulate sexual public conduct with more freedoms granted to society. The second case occurred at Miss Sally’s Gentlemen’s Club which is related to Ciancanelli’s cases with slightly different details. At the same time of the Ciancanelli case the higher court also overturned an ordinance in the City of Nyssa where it was a requirement for nude dancers to maintain a minimum four foot distance from patrons. In The City of Nyssa v. Sally A. Dufloth (2003), the Supreme Court clarified that even though some sex acts in entertainment shows might violate some laws, the laws that prohibit the representation of shows that commit to restraining freedom of expressions with be overturned. The Supreme Court’s ruling reversed the Oregon Court of Appeals decision. The lower court was also decisively split and contended that bans on sexual performances should be allowed as historical exceptions to free-speech rights because restrictions already existed on public nudity and sexual conduct during the time the constitution was adopted. Only Supreme Court Justice Paul De Muniz dissented from both decisions stating that he didnt believe that masturbation and sexual intercourse in a live public show is a form of speech that the drafters of the Oregon Constitution sought to protect. The last case in defense of prostitution is Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), which addressed one’s sexual conduct as your own privacy. Harris County deputies, responding to a reported weapons disturbance in a private residence, entered petitioner Lawrence’s apartment and saw him and another adult man, petitioner Garner, engaging in a private, consensual sexual act. Lawrence and Garner were arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of a Texas statute forbidding two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct. The State Court of Appeals affirmed and held that the statute was not unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186, was referenced as the guiding U.S. case for their decision. However, the Supreme Court held that the Texas statute making it a crime for two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct violates the Due Process Clause. A main point of the Supreme Court was that the law does more than prohibit a particular sexual act. The penalties and purposes have more far-reaching consequences, touching upon the most private human conduct, sexual behavior, and in the most private of places, the home. The State of Texas sought to control a personal relationship that, whether or not entitled to formal recognition in the law, is within the liberty of persons to choose without being punished as criminals. The constitution protects the liberties of homosexual persons and the right to choose to enter in relationships in their own privates lives and in the confines of their homes while still retaining their given freedoms. Furthermore they stated, â€Å"Petitioners’ right to liberty under the Due Process Clause gives them the full right to engage in private conduct without government intervention. The Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the individual’s personal and private life.† On June 26, 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling declared Texas anti-sodomy law unconstitutional. The law did not criminalize the same behaviors if performed by opposite-sex couples but had criminalized certain forms of sexual behavior if performed by persons of the same gender. Furthermore, the ruling has a far broader impact than merely overturning a law in Texas and similar legislation in other states. It should be added that Justice Kennedy inferred that the state or federal government cannot pass a law criminalizing a behavior; simply because the vast majority of its citizens feel that an act is immoral or sinful. Justice Kennedy also pointed out what some people consider to be immoral behavior can no longer be criminalized if done in private; what some consider sinful behavior can no longer carry a jail sentence. The significance of Lawrence v. Texas relating to prostitution is that it delves deeper into private acts between consenting adults. Although discussed in an earlier assignment, this decision has very wide implications. It eventually could impact laws which prohibit obscenity, prostitution, sado-masochism and indecent exposure, to name a few. The state laws criminalizing prostitution might eventually be ruled unenforceable based on freedom of expression, due Process and the Fourteenth Amendment. These rulings could have ramifications that are more widely spread throughout the United States than Roe v. Wade in 1973 making early abortions available to women. Justice Scalia wrote the courts minority opinion, stating that the majority Justices pretended that they have left enough freedom †¦that we need not fear judicial imposition of homosexual marriage, as has recently occurred in Canada† or â€Å"†¦dismantles the structure of constitutional law that has permitted a distinction to be made between heterosexual and homosexual unions, insofar as formal recognition in marriage is concerned. He continued to reemphasize the fact that laws against bigamy, adultery, prostitution, bestiality and obscenity were now susceptible to challenges. In reviewing the referenced cases of my paper that are related to prostitution, it seems the issue is continually under moral development and ethical debate. The Supreme Court continually uses some type of ethical formalism, a form of deontological system, in deciding most cases. They keep the focus on the basic moral rules but must also interpret what our forefathers meant in the foundation of our constitution. Each case deals with moral and ethical judicial discretion and the associated correlated results on society. It seems important to the court that the determinant used for judging is not whether the act was moral regardless of the consequence, but only the motive or intent of the actor. In People v. Freeman it appears the Supreme Court again used ethical formalism, of the deontological system, in deciding this case. It seems important to the court that the determinant used for judging is not whether the act was moral regardless of the consequence, but only the motive or intent of the actor. In this case it was to pay people to perform or act and then use media equipment to copy and sell the performance. This means that if Mr. Freeman is doing something for the good of society by selling a DVD, but the outcome results in bad consequence like promoting unethical behavior, it is still considered to be a moral action. In most of the case it seems the Supreme Court is also using a portion of the teleological ethical system approach on most of the cases associated in my research. The consequences of the act are judged, even if questionable or viewed as bad, but the foundation of the act is good – freedom of expression, due process and constitutional protection. In each case the intent of the actor or defendant was not to break the law but was restricted in some way where imposition of laws was based on the ethical behavior or perceptions of the law creators. The court’s utilitarian thought was that no money was exchanged for sex but for acting. For Oregon this made the law too restrictive even if the creators thought the explication of how the law was applied was understood. In Oregon v. Ciancanelli the issue was a more fundamental question of freedom of expression; and did the morality of an action determined how much it would contribute to the good of the majority. The Supreme Court addressed this issue again, in this particular case; it is the freedom to expressing one’s self that is protected and not necessarily the act. If one person, who was actually innocent, was found guilty of a crime to provide an example of crime deterrence, this would be utilitarianism. This theory does not care if one has to suffer, just as long as it would provide a good outcome for the majority. The free-expression rulings continued the state courts modern pattern of broadly interpreting state constitutional rights as forbidding nearly all regulation of obscenity. It appears the justices used the thought of cultural relativism when deciding on Lawrence v. Texas. They believe that the good to society was enhanced with additional protection of privacy in one’s home. They seem to have let the subculture of deviant behavior, in this case sexual behavior, be accepted by the court as an approval of the behavior by society. The culturalist way of thinking appears to have swayed the court’s decision. This, in turn, opened yet another door for news media controversy and examination. Each case had the news media focusing attention on the court’s decisions regarding freedom of expression and personal protections. Salem-News.com wrote in a report titled â€Å"House Bill Seeks Local Regulation of Oregon Strip Clubs† and informed the public of Representative Kevin Cameron dropping priority bills to aid the local government in regulating strip clubs in 2007. The news media referenced HJR 56 to amend the Constitution of the State of Oregon. It limits strip clubs but does not include other adult establishments. The news site reviews the 2005 Oregon v. Ciancanelli and the city of Nyssa ordinance being struck down and how it declared live sex acts as constitutionally protected freedom of speech, thus restricting local communities from making good decisions for its citizens. This news site is against the court’s decision and states that , â€Å"This extreme interpretation of the State of Oregon’s freedom of expression law comes at a co st to local communities, families, and public safety,† commented by Rep. Cameron. â€Å"This bill is an attempt to balance important civil liberties while at the same time giving people options to keep their children and communities protected and properties safe.† Also noted was the unsuccessful attempt by members of the Faye Wright Neighborhood Association to restrict a strip club from opening near a park and schools validating the strength of the court’s decision. Ridenbaugh Press wrote an article referencing the City of Nyssa case in 2006. The news article points out that Oregon has the most lax rules of any state in the union limiting adult sexually-oriented – businesses but noting that Nyssa, the less striking of the two decisions, that the two cases came from two of the more culturally conservative places in the state. They conclude that there is a continuing attempt to regulate strip clubs but voters rejected it three times as of the time of this article. CNN did an article on Lawrence v. Texas in 2003. CNN pointed out that the ruling appeared to strike down most laws governing private sexual conduct, but laws governing marriage remained unaffected. They went on that the Supreme Court ruling establishes a benchmark in privacy that had not existed before and, according to Diane Haskel, the ruling, based on due process arguments rather than equal protection laws, would push out new areas in privacy. This is going to carve out protection for private sexual behavior, Hassel said. As long as its between consenting adults, this ruling would appear to cover it. CNN refreshed the case details between John Geddes and Tyron Garner of Houston and that their arrest violated the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. It is also hailed as a great leap into protection of privacy in one’s home. Andrew Cohen commented on Lawrence v. Texas, a CBS News legal analyst, and said that the Supreme Court has created a broad new legal rationale for future challenges by gay rights activistsThis is a major ruling that will change a lot of other laws down the road. He said that gays and others may be able to use the ruling to challenge a wide range of laws on the basis of a right to privacy. In my review of court cases and legalized prostitution I cannot leave out the wonderful State of Nevada. Nevada is one of only two U.S. states that allow some legal prostitution; in most of its counties, brothels are legalized and heavily regulated. In Rhode Island, the act of sex for money is not illegal, but street solicitation and operation of a brothel are. However, as of July 2004, prostitution is illegal under state law in Clark County, where the City of Las Vegas sits, and under county or municipal law in Washoe County, where the City of Reno is located, Carson City, which is an independent city, and in Douglas County, and Lincoln County. Eureka County neither permits nor prohibits licensed brothels, and also has none. The other 11 Nevada counties permit licensed brothels in certain specified areas or cities. The precise licensing requirements vary by county. License fees for brothels range from an annual $100,000 in Storey County to an annual $200 in Lander County. License d prostitutes must be at least 21 years old, except in Storey County and Lyon County (where the minimum age is 18). Nevada law requires that registered brothel prostitutes be checked monthly for HIV and weekly for several sexually transmitted diseases; furthermore, condoms are mandatory for all oral sex and sexual intercourse. If a customer becomes infected with HIV after a prostitute has tested positive for the virus, the brothel owners can be held liable. Nevada has laws against engaging in prostitution outside of licensed brothels, against encouraging others to become prostitutes, and against living off the proceeds of a prostitute. For many years, Nevada brothels were restricted from advertising their services in counties where brothel prostitution is illegal; however, this state law was overturned in 2007. Prostitution is typically shunned upon in society and should be regulated like any other job in America today. If the participants consent to sex and it pays the bills, puts food on the table and pays the rent, then prostitution is no different at earning money than any other blue collar job. Legalizing prostitution would have healthy benefits and ensure safety for all those involved in the profession. For example, with the legalization of prostitution comes regulation. This means that prostitutes will be required to get medical checkups on a daily basis, which would help to decrease the spread of STDs and other communicable diseases. As a result, the quality of life for prostitutes will improve as well as the environment for his or her clients. The working environment between a prostitute and his or her client will be safer. The CDC conducted a study in southern Nevada, where only one woman has been reported with AIDS and none of the 34 prostitutes for the study had the HIV antibody. According to Bruce Lambert, U.S Department of Public Health statistics have been consistently reporting that only 5 percent of sexually transmitted disease in the United States is related to prostitution, compared to 30 to 35 percent that is transmitted among sexually active te enagers.The National Research Council notes: Many people fear that prostitutes (who by definition have multiple sex partners) will not adopt safer sex practices with their clients and will therefore be the conduit through which HIV infection will spread to the heterosexual population. Yet existing data on prostitutes do not support this concern. Legalization allows for taxation on the earnings of a prostitute just like most jobs. If those who participate in this profession are taxed, then prostitutes will be able to benefit and contribute to unemployment and disability insurance, social security and a 401k retirement. Prostitutes would have the choice of continuing or quitting their career in prostitution at will. If prostitution is taxed, cities and states can profit from it and set new regulations, city ordinances and violations to increase revenue. Legalizing prostitution would result in less money spent on judicial costs to incarcerate prostitutes and the people who are caught with them. If all this money and time is saved, then law enforcement will have more time to deal with the more serious crimes other than prostitution. Additionally, jails wouldnt be so overcrowded and the county and district courts would have fewer defendants. Furthermore, prostitutes would be afforded a safer environment to work in and afforde d the given rights of every citizen to do what they want to do without the fear of being arrested. Prostitutes will be earning their own wages and be able to keep their money for themselves except for taxes of course. There would be a new found freedom for â€Å"working women† where the pimp won’t be able to take advantage of them, their money, or physically and mentally abuse them. If society continues to swing towards a relaxed â€Å"it’s my privacy† attitude, sooner more than later the profession of prostitution will no longer be labeled as wrong to many people. It will evolve into a choice made by two consenting adults. If kept illegal it will continue to thrive with all of the self-created societal negative aspects. Clearly, the benefits of legalizing prostitution far outweigh the reasons for keeping it a criminal activity. Hence, common people and law enforcement officials shouldn’t continue fighting a battle, throwing tax payer money awa y, and fighting an endless battle against natural instincts and privacy. Questions of morality surround the debate of whether or not prostitution ought to be legal. Should sex, or a womans body, be for sale? Does accepting prostitution teach young women that their bodies are objects to be profited from? Moral views regarding prostitution vary greatly from person to person; however, should prostitution even be a question of morality? Pre-marital sex, one-night stands, homosexuality; the list of sex-related moral issues goes on. While the moral argument is quite intriguing to undertake, the imposition of ethics and morality on the conversation of prostitution has resulted in a largely slanted discussion on the subject. I will suggest that the essential argument surrounding the legalization of prostitution be not one of morality, but one that focuses on finding the best way for society to deal with it, not as civilization’s oldest profession, but as one of civilizations most common professions. The United States continues to ignore two alternative approaches invoked in several other countries with success: legalization and decriminalization of prostitution. Hopefully this paper questions the validation typically associated and supportive of laws controlling any legalization options. The research conducted on prostitutes, their clients, and societal studies, strengthen debates that would legalize and decriminalize the profession. Outside of the moral implications associated with the â€Å"working girl† it is obvious that requiring criminal sanctions (punishment, deterrence, and rehabilitation) are furthered by the current prohibition of prostitution. There are more societal advantages than disadvantages if the practice of prostitution legalized. References Albert, A E, (1998) Facilitating condom use with clients during commercial sex in Nevadas legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 88, Issue 4, pp. 643-646. Retrieved 15 October 2008, from, ajph.org/cgi/reprint/88/4/643?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10 RESULTFORMAT=searchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevancevolume=88firstpage=643resourcetype=HWCIT City of Nyssa v. Dufloth S49963, A113180 (2003). Retrieved October 3, 2008, from, ojd.state.or.us/SCA/WebMediaRel.nsf/cf8ce3ca456548d988256c8d007729db/751e7239afaa88d68825708b005169e6?OpenDocument Cohen, A (2003). Sodomy’s Ruling Ripple Effect. CBS. Retried 13 October 2008, from, cbsnews.com/stories/2003/06/26/news/opinion/courtwatch/main560593.shtml Constitution of Oregon (2007). Bill of Rights, Article 1, Section 8. Retrieved 19 October 2008, from, leg.state.or.us/orcons/orcons.html Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Female Prostitutes (1987), Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, CDC, March 27, 1987 / 36(11); pp.157-61, Retrieved 11 October 2008, from, cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000891.htm Gumert, M D, (December 2007). Payment for sex in a macaque mating market. Animal Behavior, Vol. 74, issue 6: pp. 1655–1667. Retrieved 10 October 2008, from, science-direct.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6W9W-4R2HKSW-1_user=10_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007_rdoc=7_fmt=high_orig=browse_srch=do c-info(%23toc%236693%232007%23999259993%23676415%23FLA%23display%23Volume) _cdi=6693_sort=d_docanchor=_ct=25_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=3fd696d89391548f42fffeb33acdff26 House Bill Seeks Local Regulation of Oregon Strip Clubs (2007). Capital Watch. Salem-News.com, Retrieved, October 1, 2008, from, salem-news.com/articles/april192007/strip_ club_bill_041907.php Lambert, Bruce, AIDS in Prostitutes, Not as Prevalent as Believed, Studies Find; (New York Times, September 20, 1988).Numerous sources in the U.S. confirm the fact that prostitutes do not spread AIDS. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 1993;5 (no. 3): pp. 7, 11, Lawrence v. Texas, (02-102) 539 U.S. 558 (2003), Retrieved October 8, 2008, from, Find Law for the Legal professionals website, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=USvol= 000invol=02-102 Oregon v. Ciancanelli (CC 98CR2685FE; CA A108122; SC S49707) (2003). Retrieved October 1, 2008, from, publications.ojd.state.or.us/S49707.htm Pollock, J. M. (2007). Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth. Ch. 6. Rio, L M (1991). Psychological and Sociological Research and the Decriminalization and Legalization of Prostitution, Archives of Social Behavior, Vol. 20, No. 2. Retrieved 15 October 2008, from, springerlink.com/content/k2827t7uu446l2t8/ Rocha, G L (1999), Nevada State Library and Archives. Retrieved October 15, 2008, from, bunnyranch.com/news/history/Nevada_State_Library_and_Archives/ Stapilus, R, (2005). Racy? Pacific Northwest political/social change analysis and commentary, Ridenbaugh Press. Retrieved October 5, 2008, from, http://ridenbaugh.com/index2.htm Supreme Court strikes down Texas sodomy law (2003), Law Center. CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2008, from, cnn.com/2003/LAW/06/26/scotus.sodomy/ Research Papers on Legalization of ProstitutionBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OneThe Fifth HorsemanArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital Punishment